Gez Petrol Case free essay sample

1. 0 Introduction Mr Aiman is the GEZ Bhd’s area manager who is responsible to directing sales activities for more than twenty petrol stations in the northern region of Malaysia. The petrol station business is very stable and consistent due to the continuous increase of the regions vehicles. But the petrol station operators often facing problem to sustain the business and lead to dealership license. After investigation, Mr Aiman discover failure to sustain the petrol station business was due to lack of finance and costing knowledge among the dealer and related staff. Besides, he also believed ability for the dealer and related staff to differentiate fixed and variable expenses, prepare financial statement, and CVP analysis can help them to survive. So Mr Aiman seek assistant from Rizal, a trained management accountant to develop financial model that can help dealer perform CVP analysis. GEZ develop and operate petrol station under three basic concepts, namely Company Owned Station (COS), Partially Company Owned Station (PCOS), and Dealer Built Station (DBS). Under COS and PCOS, the operator was the landowner and under the operator was not the landowner for DBS. The petrol conducts mainly two business, which is fuel business and convenience store business, SelesaMart. Besides that, GEZ affiliate with more than 40 reputable business partners. Some of the affiliations partners included AW, AmBank, American International Group (AIG), Bank Rakyat, BSN, Burger King, CIMB, Delifrance, Dunkin’ Donuts, Giant, KFC, Maybank, McDonald’s, OCBC, and RHB. Furthermore, Automated Teller Machine (ATM) and Touch ‘n Go reloads counter we installed at some of GEZ’s service stations. 2. 0 Analysis and Discussions 2. 1 How lucrative is the petrol station business Based from the calculation in Appendix 1, the petrol station business was able to produce total sales as much as RM20,682,189. 60. Where fuel business was able to contribute as much as 60% (RM19,251,897. 60) to total sales for the petrol station. On the other hand, the convenience store business was producing 40% to the total sales of the petrol station sales with RM1,430,292. 00. After deducting direct cost (RM19,283,712. 20), credit card fee(RM82,728. 76), and royalty (RM1,034,109. 48) for both of the business, a remaining of RM281,639. 16 was the contribution margin for the whole petrol station business. Besides that, Appendix 1 also show the contribution margin for each of the business, where the petrol business was 0. 38% and SelesaMart was 14. 6%. Finally, after deducting all of the fixed cost like salary (RM25,568. 00), electricity, water, telephone (RM75,000. 00), equipment rental (RM7,380. 00), insurance premium (RM1,920. 00), and stationary (RM112,268. 00), the net profit for the petrol station business is RM169,371. 16. 2. 2 Since the margin on fuel business is very low (6%) compared to convenience store (20%), do you agree that the convenience store is subsidizing the fuel business? Based on the calculation in Appendix 1, although the Petrol business contribution margin ratio (0. 38%) is far more lesser than SelesaMart (14. 60%), but the fuel business still enjoy contribution margin as much as RM72,816. 53. But after take into account the total fixed cost allocated to the fuel business, the fuel business suffer loss of -RM6,875. 79. The fuel business suffer for loss as mainly due to the loss suffer by RON 97(-RM837. 09) and diesel business (-RM88,512. 54). Whereas SelesaMart enjoy profit of RM176,245. 34. So we can concluded that the convenience store business is subsidising the fuel business. 2. 3 If the Government raised the RON95 price to RM2. 10, do you anticipate the profitability of the business will be eroded? The profitability of the business won’t be eroded if the Government raised the RON95 price to RM2. 10. The profit margin where increase from 6% to 19. 73% if the fuel price rose to RM2. 10 when we did not consider others variable cost like credit card fee and royalty. The profit margin was as the calculation below. Profit = Sales price – Cost = RM (2. 10 – 1. 6856) = RM 0. 4144 Profit margin = 0. 4144 / 2. 10 = 19. 73% Even with the assumption all of the customers for RON 95 use credit card to make payment, the business still enjoy the profit margin of 18. 73%. Based on the computation, the profit margin (18. 73%) is still higher and much better than before (6%). Therefore, even though government raised fuel price and customers were using credit card to pay for the fuel, it won’t have significant effect on the profitability of the business. The calculation for the profit margin with assumption all of the customers use credit card to do payment was as below. Credit card fee = 1% of sales price Cost = RM 1. 6856 + (1%*RM 2. 10) = RM (1. 6856 + 0. 021) = RM 1. 7066 Profit = RM (2. 10 – 1. 7066) = RM 0. 3934 Profit margin = 0. 3934 / 2. 10 = 18. 73% On the other hand, based on Appendix 2 after consider all other variable cost like credit card fee, royalty, and with the assumption of fuel price did not increase. RON95’s contribution margin ratio was increase from 0. 96% to 14. 33%. Besides that, the total fuel business contribution margin also raises form 0. 38% to 11. 35% and this has causes the whole petrol station business’ contribution margin ratio to raise form 1. 36% to 11. 55%. The net profit for the whole petrol station business also increased form RM169,371. 16 to RM2,570,206. 78. But if the cost of RON 95 changes according to the increased of price form RM 1. 80 to RM2. 10 like presented in Appendix 3, the contribution margin for Ron 95 did not change but the contribution margin for the whole fuel business is increasing form 0. 38% to 0. 45%. Besides, net profit for RON 95 also increased from RM82,473. 83 to RM104,554. 70 eventhough the its contribution margin ratio did not change. Besides that, the total contribution margin for both of the business also increased form RM281,639. 16 to RM305,890. 02 and the net profit for the whole business increased form RM169,371. 16 to RM193,622. 02. So government’s policy to raise RON95 price to RM 2. 10 did not eroded the business profitability but help the business to gain more profit. 2. 4 If credit card sales are reduced from 40% to 20%, what is the effect on overall profitability? If the credit card sales drop from 40% to 20% of the total sales and with the assumption that the other 80% of sales was settle by cash payment. The contribution margin for the whole business will increase from RM281,639. 16 to RM323,003. 54 and the CM ratio will increased from 1. 36% to 1. 56% as presented by Appendix 4. Increase of the contribution margin and CM ratio was due to the decrease of credit card fee that vary according to the credit card sales. Besides that, after encounter the entire total cost the net profit for both of the business increase form RM169,371. 16 to RM210,735. 54. So decreased in the credit card sales will definitely increased the profitability of the petrol station business. The effect of credit card fee was presented 2. 5 What is the appropriate basis to allocate the cashier cost between the four products RON95, RON97, diesel and SelesaMart? Two cashiers were directed to working at the sales counter, which one of them will be concentrate on the fuel transaction and one will be responsible for the convenience store. But eventually they were handling both transactions at times. Since both of the cashier were handling both business’ transactions, the cashier cost should be allocated according to the proportion of sales among the four products. To allocate the cashier cost between the four products firstly we must calculate the total cashier cost for the whole month. Cashier cost = Monthly salary per person (RM) x No. of staff = RM 950 x 6 = RM 5,700. 00 The total cashier cost of RM5,700. 00 is for the whole product, so we must divide the cashier cost into portion of the four products by calculate the sale each product over the total sales. Portion (%) = After the proportion, the cashier cost allocated for RON 95 business was RM4,196. 63, RM98. 63 for RON 97, RM1,010. 55 for Diesel business, and RM 349. 19 for SelesaMart. The allocation of the cashiers cost was presented as below. = = = = = = = = 2. 6 Is utility cost fixed or variable? What difference does it make to the breakeven point of RON95 if it is classified as (i) fixed cost, and (ii) variable cost? The utility cost such as electricity, water and telephone is fixed cost for petrol station business. This is because utility cost even when the is the petrol station business operated as a retail business, it should categorize the utility cost as fixed cost because the cost will be relatively the same as it was used for all the time. If the utility cost was categorize as fixed cost, the break-even point for the RON 95 business will be 3,664,613 litres and the break-even revenue will be is RM6,596,304. 85 as calculated below. Break-even point (units) = = = 3,664,613 units Break-even point (RM) = 3,664,613 units x RM1. 80 per unit = RM6,596,304. 85 However, if the utility costs are categorize as variable costs, the break-even point for the RON 75 business will be as much as 2,743,861 litres and the Break-even revenue will be RM4,938,949. 80. Break-even point (units) = = = 2,743,861 units Break-even point (RM) = 2,743,861 units x RM1. 80 per unit = RM4,938,949. 80 As conclusion, from the calculation above, if the utility cost was categorized as fix cost, it will have a higher break-even point compare to the alternative to categorize utility cost as variable costs. 3. 0 Conclusion In conclusion, the management accounting concept and tools like cost allocation knowledge and CVP analysis is very important as by using CVP analysis the petrol station operator was able to know which of the is operate at its break-even point, lower than its break-even point, or high than its break-even point. Besides that, cost allocation like presented in Appendixes also show each of the business which is really gain profit and which business is really suffer from loss.

Cloud Computing System Of Webb’s Stores †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cloud Computing System Of Webbs Stores. Answer: Introduction One of the most popular and recognized retailer is Webbs stores. Based in Australia, this particular organization sells all sorts of food items. They also sell some of the important specialty stuffs (Almorsy, Grundy Mller, 2016). There are two major data centers of this organization. One is in Sydney and the other one is in Melbourne. These two data centers do the main task of sending and receiving data. However, this organization also has some of their data centers regionally. These regional data centers are present in Auckland, Bathurst, Wagga, Brisbane and Port Macquarie. In recent days, Webbs Stores have decided to shift their entire database to Infrastructure as a Service or IaaS instance in cloud. Previously, their database was in MS SQL Server 2012 R2. The organizational bodies of Webbs Stores have taken a decision of undertaking various tools and techniques of cloud computing in their business. Cloud computing is the safest procedure of transferring bulk amount of data withi n lowest time. This particular decision has raised many problems like data management and complexities of the operational and application software (Avram, 2014). Due to these problems, the data management has become a major problem for the company. The regional data center in Auckland has a traditional infrastructure and due to this reason, Webbs Stores have decided to close down the entire infrastructure. Instead of closing the data center, they could have easily upgraded the infrastructure. A workshop for Security and Risk is scheduled to organize for the probable security risks access and the probable controlling measures. The report outlines a brief description about Webbs Stores. The report explains about the advantages of migration of data to the cloud infrastructure. The possible risks are also given in the following report for Webbs Stores. The utilization of migration data for Webbs stores are also mentioned here. Proper mitigation plans are also given in the report with details. The recommendations are also provided for the risks. Data Migration Type of Cloud Security Deployed Webbs Stores should opt for authorization and authentication policy as their security policy of cloud (Arora, Parashar Transforming, 2013). This is the authenticated permission provided to an organization or individual to perform their tasks. Authentication usually verifies the identity of a user. The security policy is highly recommended for Webbs Stores as they are moving their database to IaaS instance from MS SQL Server R2. This particular database will help the organization in verifying the original and authenticated users. The best IaaS instances for any organization are the Azure and AWS (Fernando, Loke Rahayu, 2013). These infrastructures of cloud help in transfer of data securely. Advantages and Problems of Cloud Security Deployment The advantages that is gained after deploying the said policy are as follows: i) Cost Effective: This particular policy is absolutely cost effective and is affordable for all organizations. ii) Security: The second advantage of this security policy is that it is highly secured and there is less chance of losing data. iii) Scalability: This policy makes the entire system scalable. iv) Flexibility: The moment the authentication and authorization policy is deployed, the system becomes flexible (Hashem et al., 2013). The issues that can be faced by Webbs Stores after deployment of authentication and authorization policy are as follows: i) Encryption: Encryption is a must process for all messages and this makes the database slower. ii) Complexity: The implementation of this policy is extremely complicated sometimes. iii) Brute Force Attacks: This types of attacks are common for this policy where the hacker hacks the password of the system (Li et al., 2013). Probable Risks in the Migration of Data The Database There is always a high chance of risk in migration of data in a database. The risks that are common during migration in case of database are as follows: i) Loss of Data: The most common risk in case of data migration is the loss of data. Most of the time, while transferring the data t other database, it gets lost completely. ii) Corruption of Database: This is the second dangerous problem that occurs during migration of data (Xiao, Song Chen, 2013). The whole database gets corrupted and cannot be recovered. This is extremely dangerous from any organization as all information is lost. The IaaS Infrastructure The security risks or threats that are faced by the infrastructure of cloud are as follows: i) DoS Attacks: DoS or denial-of-service attacks are the most probable security risks for any information system. This is occured in the infrastructure of a company. When a particular user utilizes all of his resources present in the cloud, the all over quality of several services, which any other user, is using, gets degraded (Avram, 2014). The hackers wait for this moment and hacks all the information and resources for slowing down the service or simply denying the services. This is called a denial of service or DoS attacks. It often occurs over a series of computers or systems, whichis known as Distributed Denial of Service or DDoS attack. ii) Insider Threats: While the data is migrated to another database, the infrastructure of the cloud allows the admin to access both the database and data. These particular types of security threat are commonly called as the insider threats. The Communications The distinct communications that occur within the Webbs Stores and the IaaS infrastructure has the tendency to attract several security threats. They are as follows: i) Data Breaching: This is one of the most significant security threats that occur when data is migrated (Xiao, Song Chen, 2013). It occurs when Webbs Stores and IaaS will communicate with each other. ii) Incompatible Database: The database should be compatible for avoiding the security risks when Webbs Stores and IaaS will communicate with each other. Cloud of Backup and Removal of Records Risks with Backup of Data i) Backup: Time to time back ups of data are highly recommended for all organizations. However, there are certain vulnerable risks and threats, which take place during the back ups of data. These types of threats are as follows: Security: One of the most vulnerable threats while backing up of data is security. Information often gets lost and cannot be recovered anymore. Control Over Data: When the backup of data is done, it is completed by the provider of cloud (Whaiduzzaman et al., 2014). He has the control and complete access of the confidential data and can easily intercept it. ii) Storing of Data: Cloud storage stores all the data. There are several risks and threats that take place during data storing. The probable risks are as follows: Security: One of the most vulnerable threats while storing any type of data is security. Information often gets lost and cannot be recovered anymore. Lack of Standardization: The cloud vendor always fails to follow the normative series of rules for the support of the business. Webbs Stores should select their cloud vendors carefully and wisely (Tao et al., 2014). iii) Data Retrieval: There are several risks and threats that take place during data retrieval. They are as follows: Snooping: The hackers sneaks into the data while it is retrieved from the cloud. He can even intercept the data and this is absolutely vulnerable. Leakage of Data: Data is often leaked in the cloud while it is retrieved from the cloud. This has caused many infamous cases all over the world. Cloud Backup in DR Plans The strategy for all types of back up and recovery of data is known as cloud DR plan. This plan is mainly used for keeping and storing all the confidential records (Dinh et al., 2013). This is mainly done for security issues. Cloud backup does the most significant job. Webbs stores should select DR plans for their business as it will remove the complexities of the process of migration of data. The single transfer of data is not required in this case. Only the database or the storage is transferred. All the data will be transferred with that storage (Rittinghouse Ransome, 2016). The main advantage that will be obtained by Webbs stores is that there will be a copy of all the confidential data, which is sent by any public network to the offsite server. The main advantage of back up and restore strategy is the simplified backup technique of data. The entire database system will be modified with this simple strategy in Webbs Stores (Rahimi et al., 2014). The second important advantage of this technique is that even if there is chance of losing any data during the migration, this particular strategy will recover the lost data quickly and efficiently. Therefore, it can be claimed that this strategy would be helpful for the organization. Protection of Access and Recommendations IaaS Infrastructure Access of any confidential thing is not given to everyone. The Infrastructure as a Service instance cannot be allowed to access by everyone (Malawski et al., 2015). This access should be protected. The most important method is mentioned below: Physical Access in Cloud Infrastructure: Hacker or a person with wrong intentions often has physical access to the cloud infrastructure (Wei et al., 2014). There should be a strict restriction for accessing the infrastructure. MS SQL Server 2012 R2 Cloud Instance All types of accesses in the MS SQL Server 2012 R2 can be prevented by a significant approach. Access to Operating System: They should keep an eye on the operating system access (Botta et al., 2016). They should not allow any unauthorized users to access the operating system of the organization. Cloud Network Infrastructure Webbs Stores can prevent the overall access to the infrastructure of cloud network by two methods. They are as follows: i) External and Internal Threats: They should be careful from this type of threats (Hashizume et al., 2013). ii) Server Monitoring: They should regularly monitor the server to avoid multiple access . Cloud Backup and Restore Infrastructure The cloud backup and restore infrastructure can be protected by two methods. They are as follows: i) Encryption: This is the most basic and simple way of securing access to data and information in any system (Fernando, Loke Rahayu, 2013). Encryption is the process of encoding a confidential message or text into a cipher text in such a way that only the receiver would be able to access that message or text. It is extremely popular for any organization for securing their information. ii) Passwords: The easiest approach of securing any information, data and access is to keep passwords for that particular aspect. They secure the access and the hacker is unable to access it (Almorsy, Grundy Muller, 2016). Moreover, passwords should also be changed periodically. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that one of the most popular and recognized retailer is Webbs stores. Based in Australia, this particular organization sells all sorts of food items. They also sell some of the important specialty stuffs. There are two major data centers of this organization. One is in Sydney and the other one is in Melbourne. These two data centers do the main task of sending and receiving data. However, this organization also has some of their data centers regionally. These regional data centers are present in Auckland, Bathurst, Wagga, Brisbane and Port Macquarie. In recent days, Webbs Stores have decided to shift their entire database to Infrastructure as a Service or IaaS instance in cloud. Previously, their database was in MS SQL Server 2012 R2. The organizational bodies of Webbs Stores have taken a decision of undertaking various tools and techniques of cloud computing in their business. Cloud computing is the safest procedure of transfe rring bulk amount of data within lowest time. This particular decision has raised many problems like data management and complexities of the operational and application software. Due to these problems, the data management has become a major problem for the company. The regional data center in Auckland has a traditional infrastructure and due to this reason, Webbs Stores have decided to close down the entire infrastructure. Instead of closing the data center, they could have easily upgraded the infrastructure. A workshop for Security and Risk is scheduled to organize for all the probable security risks, vulnerabilties access, and the probable controlling measures. The report also provides a perfect description of the Webbs Stores case study. Moreover, the report also describes the details of migrating all types of data from MS SQL Server to the cloud instance of IaaS. The type of cloud security deployed is also mentioned here. The above report also describes about the advantages and disadvantages of cloud security deployment. The risks and the ways to control them are also mentioned here. Suitable recommendations are provided in the report. References Almorsy, M., Grundy, J., Mller, I. (2016). An analysis of the cloud computing security problem.arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.01107. Arora, R., Parashar, A., Transforming, C. C. I. (2013). Secure user data in cloud computing using encryption algorithms.International journal of engineering research and applications,3(4), 1922-1926. Avram, M. G. (2014). Advantages and challenges of adopting cloud computing from an enterprise perspective.Procedia Technology,12, 529-534. Botta, A., De Donato, W., Persico, V., Pescap, A. (2016). Integration of cloud computing and internet of things: a survey.Future Generation Computer Systems,56, 684-700. Dinh, H. T., Lee, C., Niyato, D., Wang, P. (2013). A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches.Wireless communications and mobile computing,13(18), 1587-1611. Fernando, N., Loke, S. W., Rahayu, W. (2013). Mobile cloud computing: A survey.Future generation computer systems,29(1), 84-106. Garg, S. K., Versteeg, S., Buyya, R. (2013). A framework for ranking of cloud computing services.Future Generation Computer Systems,29(4), 1012-1023. Hashem, I. A. T., Yaqoob, I., Anuar, N. B., Mokhtar, S., Gani, A., Khan, S. U. (2015). The rise of big data on cloud computing: Review and open research issues.Information Systems,47, 98-115. Hashizume, K., Rosado, D. G., Fernndez-Medina, E., Fernandez, E. B. (2013). An analysis of security issues for cloud computing.Journal of Internet Services and Applications,4(1), 5. Li, M., Yu, S., Zheng, Y., Ren, K., Lou, W. (2013). Scalable and secure sharing of personal health records in cloud computing using attribute-based encryption.IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems,24(1), 131-143. Malawski, M., Juve, G., Deelman, E., Nabrzyski, J. (2015). Algorithms for cost-and deadline-constrained provisioning for scientific workflow ensembles in IaaS clouds.Future Generation Computer Systems,48, 1-18. Rahimi, M. R., Ren, J., Liu, C. H., Vasilakos, A. V., Venkatasubramanian, N. (2014). Mobile cloud computing: A survey, state of art and future directions.Mobile Networks and Applications,19(2), 133-143. Rittinghouse, J. W., Ransome, J. F. (2016).Cloud computing: implementation, management, and security. CRC press. Sanaei, Z., Abolfazli, S., Gani, A., Buyya, R. (2014). Heterogeneity in mobile cloud computing: taxonomy and open challenges.IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials,16(1), 369-392. Tao, F., Cheng, Y., Da Xu, L., Zhang, L., Li, B. H. (2014). CCIoT-CMfg: cloud computing and internet of things-based cloud manufacturing service system.IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,10(2), 1435-1442. Wei, L., Zhu, H., Cao, Z., Dong, X., Jia, W., Chen, Y., Vasilakos, A. V. (2014). Security and privacy for storage and computation in cloud computing.Information Sciences,258, 371-386. Whaiduzzaman, M., Sookhak, M., Gani, A., Buyya, R. (2014). A survey on vehicular cloud computing.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,40, 325-344. Xiao, Z., Song, W., Chen, Q. (2013). Dynamic resource allocation using virtual machines for cloud computing environment.IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems,24(6), 1107-1117.

Effects of Silver Mining on Indigenous People in Mexico

Introduction Indigenous people own most of the expansive strips of undeveloped land in Mexico. These lands are renowned for holding numerous unexploited minerals, and in this respect, most of the mining companies target these lands leading to conflicts between the companies and the indigenous people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Silver Mining on Indigenous People in Mexico specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Anaya (2000), the conflict drastically affects the sustainability of the land pieces. Mining may have positive impacts on the lives of the indigenous people. For instance, it may give the indigenous people a chance to realise their goals through revenue generated from the mining industry. On the other hand, mining may offer employment opportunities to the indigenous people and thus alleviate their living standards. Nevertheless, if not well managed, mining may have unpleasant effects o n the livelihood of the indigenous people. It may pose numerous insolvency threats and threaten their sovereignty (Armienta et al. 2007). Indigenous people hardly hold their wealth in the form of income. Rather, their wealth is in the form of resources such as land that they associate with cultural values, environmental awareness, and institutions (Aronson 2009). The cultures of the indigenous people act as timelines that help members retrace their past, understand their present, and forecast what the future holds for them (Ballard Banks 2003). The timelines are restrained and hard to transfer to a different locality meaning that displacement of the indigenous people makes it hard for them to follow their development course.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This aspect underlines why indigenous people are capable of surviving in marginalised areas that non-indigenous people are incapabl e of thriving in without relying on external resources like technology, capital, and energy. Modern human activities like mining have adverse effects on the indigenous people. Indigenous people in Mexico stage demonstrations against mining companies as an indication that they hardly benefit from the companies. This paper will focus on the effects of silver mining on indigenous people in Mexico. Encroachment into the sacred sites Most of the mining contracts in Mexico are awarded without consultation with the indigenous people. Besides, the government does not give the mining companies the actual demarcation of the area to carryout their mining activities. The companies end up extending their operations to territories owned by the indigenous people thus destroying their sacred sites. Failure to consult the indigenous people leads to mining companies encroaching into areas held sacred by the indigenous communities (Herringshaw 2004). The companies carryout their mining activities alon g routes used by indigenous people during their pilgrimage journeys. Besides, they excavate lands where indigenous people buried their ancestors. This scenario poses spiritual and social threats to the communities as the mining companies disrupt the peace of their ancestors. In 2011, a Canadian company entered into conflict with the Waxarika community after it won a contract to mine silver in San Luis Potosi. The region where the company was to mine silver is along a route used by Waxarika people on their way to pilgrimage journeys (Melinda 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Silver Mining on Indigenous People in Mexico specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, most of their ancestors are buried in this area. Allowing the company to go on with its mining process would have resulted in disturbing the peace of the ancestors. In most cases, indigenous people relocate their shrines and other sites wher e they hold religious ceremonies due to mining activities. Silver mining companies excavate their sacred sites forcing the communities to look for alternative sites (Tetreault 2011). Furthermore, the noise from the mining machines does not allow them to hold their religious ceremonies peacefully. For peaceful celebrations, indigenous communities relocate their sites to areas that are located far from the mining site. Environmental risks The environmental benefits and risks linked to mining may lead to inequality. From the start, the location of minerals sites determines which communities will benefit from the mining activities (Ali 2009). Since minerals are normally concentrated in one area, some groups of people may continue getting rich while others continue languishing in poverty. In addition, different regions suffer from the environmental damage caused by mining activities differently. The mode of mining, transportation facilities, and nature of the minerals dictate the level o f environmental damage caused. At times, local people are left to deal with toxic substances left behind by the mining companies after completing their mining processes. In addition to encroaching into sacred sites owned by the indigenous people, silver mining in Mexico poses environmental risks to the indigenous people. The mining process leads to ruin of vegetation cover and pollution of water and soil.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the process lowers the amount and quality of water and negatively affects the biodiversity of a place. This aspect in return affects the ability of the indigenous communities to acquire these significant resources. Normally, indigenous people depend on their environment for everything. They acquire most of their basic needs from their surroundings (Bocking 2012). Since mining disrupts the natural growth of the environment, the process makes it hard for nature to sustain the indigenous people. During the nineteenth century, silver mining in Real de Catorce led to degradation of vegetation cover in the area and contamination of water. Before then, the area was covered with a forest, but the process converted the area into a desert. In Natividad, mining activities led to water contamination in the area. Four years after the mining process started, the area experienced water shortages, which compelled environmentalists to order the closure of the mining company (Dore 2000). Th e company was accused of annihilating the aquifer that the community depended on for water supply. Mexico is popular for stringent environmental policies. Nevertheless, the country has limited number of government and private institutions that implement these policies. Consequently, the indigenous people end up paying the cost of environmental degradation caused by mining companies (Chapa 2006). During the mining process, companies use varied chemicals to extract ores. Regrettably, these chemicals are not treated before being released to the environment. Therefore, they pollute the air and damage crops exposing the local communities to health hazards and drought. Moreover, the mining companies use cyanide to extract silver and exposure to this chemical leaves the indigenous people vulnerable to impaired vision, headaches, and breathing problems (Hayden 2003). One of the challenges that the indigenous people face is the limited account for the environmental effects of silver mining. Hence, no matter how hard the aboriginals resist the activity, it is hard for them to receive full support from the government since they hardly substantiate their claims. Besides not treating chemicals before releasing them to the environment, silver mining companies do not dispose wastes left after silver extraction (Martinez-Alier 2001). Once they exhaust minerals in an area, the companies just reallocate to a new area leaving the Mexican government with the responsibility of disposing the waste. The government takes long to dispose these wastes subjecting the indigenous people to health problems. Loss of sovereignty One of the reasons why indigenous people resist mining activities in their areas is because mining takes away their sovereignty. Mining often affects institutions and indigenous lifestyles affecting their ability to provide for themselves (Gordon Webber 2008). Globally, indigenous communities observe their autonomous rights as equal members of the society in the sta te. Hence, the indigenous communities value their sovereignty just like the non-indigenous people, and use all means to preserve it whenever they sense any threat. Sovereignty does not only stand for sea rights and indigenous land (Hilson 2002a), but also refers to the ability of the indigenous communities to sustain themselves both politically and economically. Silver mining in Mexico affects the sovereignty of the indigenous people since it denies them the right to manage and control their lands. Besides, it becomes hard for communities to pass on their culture to subsequent generations. The establishment of mining activities comes in handy with foreign cultures. For instance, the Canadian silver mining companies operating in Mexico led to the introduction of Canadian cultures to the indigenous people. Interaction with the miners made it hard for the indigenous people to uphold their culture thus adopting some cultural practices from the miners. Indigenous people strongly attribut e their sovereignty to land and thus they highly value their land (Stromberg Tellman 2009). The survival of these people depends on the land and its resources. Hence, it is hard for the indigenous people to let go their land knowing that their life depends on it. Silver mining in Mexico deprives the indigenous people of their sovereignty since it leads to their displacement from their ancestral land. Normally, mining leads to privatisation of land that the aboriginals own communally. As mining companies assume ownership of these lands, the indigenous communities relocate to new areas. Initially, the Mexicans had the right to the land, and on the other hand, the nation had the right to all that was beneath the land. Hence, the indigenous people had influence on how the land was utilised in the country. It was hard for the authorities to initiate mining activities before getting the consent of the aboriginal communities. However, in 1990s the government came up with mineral reforms, which oppressed the aboriginals. The reforms gave miners the right to access lands without having to consult the people that own the land. Eventually, the indigenous people lost control of their land to foreign miners. Silver and gold mining in Mexico has led to loss of life, damage of property, impoverishment, and land destruction. Canadian mining companies have taken control of indigenous lands in Mexico, and in preparation for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Mexico ended up amending its constitution. The amendments made it possible for land privatisation leading to the entrance of foreign companies into the country. In addition, constitution amendment led to the massive sale of indigenous lands (â€Å"ejido†) to foreigners (Dhillon 2007). For decades, these lands were communally owned under the control of the indigenous people. The government had no control of these lands. However, changes made to the mining laws gave exploitation and exploration of minera ls precedence over the landowners. Hence, the indigenous people who used their land for agriculture and hunting had to give up the land to miners. In opposition to this move, some of the indigenous people ended up losing their lives or suffering permanent injuries. For instance, Bernardo Sanchez lost his life as he tried to mobilise people to oppose the activities of Fortuna Silver Mines (Weinberg 2007). According to Sanchez, the mining company had misled the community to allow it to operate on its land without clarifying on the consequences of the mining activity (Weinberg 2007). In addition, Sanchez claimed that the company was responsible for water shortage in the area and other water-related problems like contamination that the community experienced. Culture destabilisation Another effect of silver mining in Mexico is cultural destabilisation and disunity among the indigenous people. Before the mining companies arrived in Mexico, indigenous people coexisted in harmony. They prac ticed a common culture. However, mining companies led to division among the communities (Murillo 2009). After the indigenous people opposed the establishment of mining activities on their land, the companies devised mechanisms to win the trust from some of the people. Some people were promised jobs, which compelled then to accept and welcome the companies. Division emerged within the indigenous communities where some people opposed the mining companies while others embraced them. The companies took advantage of the level of poverty amongst indigenous people to win their trust. For instance, to win the trust from the local people, First Majestic Silver Company hired some of the local leaders in Wirikuta. The move aimed at creating a lift in the community thus polarising its opposition. The community could not speak in one voice since some leaders benefited from the project and could not accept to forfeit their jobs. Besides the division in the communities, silver mining led to the ab olishment of communism among the indigenous people with most of the people adopting an individualistic culture. Today, most of the indigenous people that work in the mining companies do not share their proceeds with others unlike in the past where people used to gather food and share as a community. Today, wages shape most of the cultural values of the indigenous people in Mexico. Individualism caused by the silver mining activity has disintegrated the social fabric of the indigenous people. It has not only broken up the extended families, but also led to disunity in the community. In the past, parents had time to stay with their children and teach them their culture. However, today parents spend most of their time in the mining companies leaving their relatives with the responsibility of taking care of the children. This has resulted in weaker interactions within families and the community at large. Apart from culture destabilisation, silver mining in Mexico led to the disruption o f leadership and social organisation. Initially, the indigenous communities lived in groups, and they had stable leadership systems. The leadership made all decisions on matters affecting the community. Nevertheless, when the mining companies came, they targeted individual leaders within the indigenous communities and used them to polarise the communities’ influence. Leaders were given jobs and promised monetary rewards if they could help the companies establish their operations. Prior to his death, Sanchez asserted that the mining companies entered their land and talked to individual landowners without consulting the entire community. The move disrupted the social organisation that the community had hitherto maintained. Leaders could not speak in one voice to oppose the companies, as some of them already had personal interests in the companies’ activities. The leaders gave up the interests of the community to pursue personal interests, and it was hard to convince them that allowing the mining activity to take place would have negative effects on their social and cultural values. Displacement and relocation A study on the Mexican neoliberal laws like NAFTA policies has shown that silver mining led to immense displacement and migration of the indigenous people. Since 1994, â€Å"more than fifteen million indigenous people in Mexico have relocated or been displaced from their ancestral lands† (Alexandra 2006, p.116). The mining industry in the country upholds a myth that mining is crucial for economic growth of the state. In spite of the mining companies offering jobs to the local people, most of these jobs are temporary and poorly paying. In Cerro de San Pedro, the indigenous people lost their lands and homes to the mining companies (Dunbar-Oritz 2007). They were displaced from their lands to give the mining company an opportunity to carry on with the mining activities. The move deprived the indigenous people of their right to live and work on their ancestral land. Moreover, relocation to new localities made it hard for communities to carry on with their cultural practices. Indigenous people have lived in their ancestral lands for decades. Hence, their culture and economic activities are entrenched into the land. Therefore, displacing the indigenous people from their ancestral land means breaking the course of their culture, as it is hard for them to relocate with all their cultural values, most of which are attached to their land. Impoverishment and wealth risks Activities that incapacitate people’s ability to improve, accrue, maintain, and pass on their affluence to subsequent generations seriously challenge the sustainability of the affected people. Individuals that are alien to indigenous culture may claim that mining activities do not pose wealth and impoverishment risks to the indigenous people (Hilson 2002b). They may argue that indigenous people suffer from unemployment and have limited wealth or revenu e, and thus introducing mining activities in their areas would hardly affect them. Those supporting the mining activities would argue that the endeavour would facilitate in reducing poverty in the area. Individuals supporting mining activities in indigenous lands claim that the government and the mining companies compensate the affected people by creating jobs in the mining companies. Nevertheless, not every effort that the government and mining companies make to reimburse the affected communities facilitate in mitigating the principal sustainability and impoverishment threats that the mining activities pose on the indigenous people. The earned revenues characterise only a diminutive fraction of the indigenous wealth. The wealth that props up the maintenance of the culture of indigenous people in Mexico lies on environmental awareness, institutions, and resources like land, which they attribute to some cultural values (Postero 2008). Silver mining in Mexico denies the indigenous peo ple the opportunity to access mutual resources, culturally fitting housing, identity, social support, food security, and localised prestige. The activity deprives the aboriginals the right to continue farming on their ancestral land, thus predisposes these people to food shortages (Swaney Olson 2007). Before mining companies arrived in Mexico, indigenous people were depending on their environment and resources that nature provides for them for sustenance. They depended on proceeds of the land for survival. Silver mining in Mexico subjects the indigenous people to impoverishment and wealth risks in varied ways. The mining activity breaks the course of economic and social life. Normally, local people abandon some of their economic activities and relocate to new places to give room for the mining companies (Van Young 2008). This affects the course of their social life as well as economic activities. Conclusion Silver mining in Mexico affects the indigenous people negatively. One would think that the aboriginals would benefit from job opportunities created by the mining companies. Silver mining has resulted to encroachment of sacred lands once held by the indigenous people. Some of the mining sites lie on the routes used by the indigenous people on their pilgrimage journeys. Besides, some mining activities take place on lands where indigenous people buried their ancestors. The mining activities lead to vegetation degradation coupled with water and soil contamination, which makes it hard for communities to depend on their land. Indigenous people lose their sovereignty as they no longer have control of their ancestral land and cannot go on with their cultural practices without interference. Miners target individual leaders within the community to win their trust and get permission to operate in the area. In the process, they disrupt social organisation and destroy the leadership system used by the indigenous people. Silver mining leads to displacement and relocatio n of the indigenous people. Hence, silver mining seriously challenges sustainability of the indigenous people in Mexico. Reference List Alexandra, V 2006, Tracing Neoliberalism in Mexico: Historical Displacement and  Survival Strategies for Mixtec Fam on the U.S. – Mexico Border, University of Arizona Press, Arizona. Ali, S 2009, Mining, the Environment, and Indigenous Development Conflict  University of Arizona Press, Arizona. Anaya, S 2000, Indigenous Peoples Law in International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford: Armienta, M, Rodriguez, C, Ongley, K, Brust, H, Morales, F, Aguayo, A, Cruz, O Ceniceros, N 2007, ‘Origin and fate of arsenic in a historic mining area of Mexico’,  Trace Metals and Other Contaminants in the Environment, vol. 9 no.1, pp.473-498. Aronson, S 2009, Aboriginal Land Rights, Self-Counsel Press, Vancouver. Ballard, C Banks, G 2003, ‘Resource Wars: The Anthropology of Mining’, Annual  Review of Anthropology, vol. 32 no. 1, pp. 287-314. Bocking, P 2012, Mexican farmers battle Canadian mine for control of their land. Web. Chapa, J 2006, ‘Wage labour in the periphery: Silver mining in colonial Mexico’,  Review, vol. 4 no. 3, pp. 509-534. Dhillon, M 2007, Made in Canada violence: mining in Mexico. Web. Dore, E 2000, ‘Environment and society: long-term trends in Latin American mining’,  Environment and History, vol. 6 no. 1, pp.1-29. Dunbar-Oritz, R 2007, Roots of Resistance: A History of Land Tenure in Mexico, University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma. Gordon, T Webber, J 2008, ‘Imperialism and resistance: Canadian mining Companies in Latin America’, Third World Quarterly, vol. 29 no. 1, pp. 63-87. Hayden, C 2003, When Nature Goes Public: The Making and Unmaking of  Bioprospecting in Mexico, Princeton University Press, New Jersey. Herringshaw, V 2004, ‘Natural Resources – Curse or Blessing?’, New Economy, vol. 11 no. 3, pp. 174-178. Hil son, G 2002a, ‘An overview of land use conflicts in mining communities’, Land  Use Policy, vol. 19 no.1, pp. 65-73. Hilson, G 2002b, ‘Small-scale mining, and its socio-economic impact in developing Countries’, Natural Resources Forum, vol. 26 no. 1, pp.3-13. Martinez-Alier, J 2001, ‘Mining conflicts, environmental justice, and valuation’,  Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 86 no. 3, pp.153-170. Melinda, B 2012, ‘Mining sacred space: law’s enactment of competing ontologies in the American West’, Environment and Planning, vol. 44 no. 6, pp. 1443-1458. Murillo, D 2009, ‘The creation of indigenous leadership in a Spanish town: Zacatecas, Mexico’, Ethnohistory, vol. 56 no. 4, pp.669-698. Postero, N 2008, ‘Indigenous response to neoliberalism’, Political and Legal  Anthropology Review, vol. 28 no. 1, pp. 73-92. Stromberg, J Tellman, B 2009, Ecology and Conservation of the San Pedro River,  Uni versity of Arizona Press, Arizona. Swaney, J Olson, I 2007, ‘The economics of biodiversity: lives and lifestyles’,  Journal of Economic Issues, vol. 26 no. 1, pp. 1-25. Tetreault, D 2011, Sacred indigenous site in Mexico threatened by Canadian mining  Company. Web. Van Young, E 2008, ‘Agrarian rebellion and defence of community: meaning and collective violence in late colonial and independence-era Mexico’, Journal of Social  History, vol. 27 no. 2, pp. 245-269. Weinberg, B 2007, Homage to Chiapas: The New Indigenous Struggles in Mexico.  Donnelly Sons Co., New York. This essay on Effects of Silver Mining on Indigenous People in Mexico was written and submitted by user Shania Kerr to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Explanation to Consumer

Explanation to Consumer Explanation to Consumer- Ot Essay October 17, 2012 Explanation to Consumer Client Information/Background: My client is a middle age woman, Mrs. Smith, who is suffering from stress and depression. She feels this is largely in part to problems that she has been having at home with her son, Jake. Her son is 6 years old, and has temper tantrums and outbursts almost daily. This is becoming a problem not only at home, but at school as well. She is concerned about her son’s future and is looking for any options to help determine the causes of his outbursts, as well as ways to prevent them. Mrs. Smith, I am writing to you in regards to our meeting last week to discuss possible options for your son. Based on the information I have gathered, I am referring you to see Sandra Jones, an Occupational Therapist at Unlimited Performance. I understand that this whole process may be a bit nerve-wracking, but you can feel free to contact me at anytime with any questions you may have. The purpose of Occupational Therapy is to help people increase functional independence in daily life and it can be a very useful tool for children with behavior problems. It will be important to determine if there are any underlying issues with Jake, such as delayed cognitive or intellectual impairment that could be the source of the outbursts that you mentioned. After the initial assessment, you will have the opportunity to develop a treatment plan. This may include activities in your own home, as well as visits to Unlimited Performance. I have had a chance to personally observe the Occupational Therapists at Unlimited Performance, and I am fully confident they will be able to help you achieve the goals you have set for your son. Not only will Sandra be able to help your son weekly during your appointments, but she will also be able to give you helpful tips you can use at home during Jake’s outbursts. The activities

Punishment Philosophy in the Criminal Justice System Essay

Punishment Philosophy in the Criminal Justice System - Essay Example Lawyers sometimes argue that punishment should depend on the magnitude of the destruction. However, cases may be similar but their severities differ (Weisberg, 2012). The incapacitation principle proposes strategies put in place to help eliminate the level of crime through various physical restraints of the actions. The principle insinuates that individuals’ confinement to specific areas may help them to avoid a criminal act. The community may restrict the movement of their people to different places to preserve their cultural ties. The most practical example in the society today is the restriction of the children moving to some places like bars and clubs, would reduce the chances of children involving in drinking alcohols and the like. The deterrence principle raises fundamental concerns on the connection between sanctions and human behavior. Punishment is a tool of reward to offenders. The deterrent effect of the punishment may lead to conformity. Severe punishment for a particular crime may deter an individual with an intention to commit an offense to abstain. The principle of deterrence relates to the freedom of choice for an individual. Most individuals would choose to maximize their pleasures at minimum risk. The UN and the World Bank, for instance, may choose to impose serious economic sanction on some countries because of their misconduct. This imposition of the sanction may deter other countries which would otherwise involve in similar misconduct because of the fear of conviction. The type of punishment applied to the offenders injects fear in other parties hence deterring them from committing an offense. Rehabilitation is a strategy for correcting the victims as discussed by Muhlhausen (2010). The principle focuses on restoring and reforming an offender. It may look ambiguous because it is a punishment coupled with treatment. The correctional centers are increasing all over the world because the punishment for the offenders

The Treatment Of Men During Slavery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Treatment Of Men During Slavery - Essay Example Slaves in the ancient Roman Empire consisted mostly of prisoners of war, captives sold by pirates, or even children of Romans in penury who had been sold. The slaves were engaged in farming, businesses, working for private households, and in the construction of infrastructure for public use including aqueducts, bridges, roads etc. It was common for the owners to treat the slaves cruelly, and even kill them and not be punished for it. But some slave masters were also kind and considerate to their slaves (Nardo) as indicated by the saturnalia festival which was an occasion for the slaves and masters to be thankful to each other and enjoyed peaceful time together. Also, a hallmark of Roman slavery as compared to the modern variety was manumission or the formal release from slavery by the owner. Contrasting the ancient system of slavery in Rome with the system that existed until the end of the 19th century in the Americas, in particular North America, the glaring difference was that the latter was based mainly on race. Marysue Andreozzi The import of slaves from Africa to America began mainly due to the shortage of labor. And the blacks were believed to be hard workers. Furthermore, the practice did not meet with any religious disapproval either, since the Church law did not prohibit black slavery. Thus began slavery with racist overtones. Gradually, the slaves themselves became a trade commodity. Thus, what began as a need to overcome shortage of labor became the means to acquire more wealth (McKay et al., 2008). It is believed that in a span of a little more than 300 years (between 1500 A.D. and mid 1800 A.D.), around 12 million black slaves from Africa to the Western Hemisphere. A first-hand account of the harrowing life of the slaves aboard the ship on their voyage from Africa to America has been given by Alexander Falconbridge (1788) who was the British surgeon on four of those voyages. As mentioned in the narrative, the blacks who refused to eat had their lip s almost scorched by red-hot coal that was brought on a shovel very close to their lips and also issued dire threats that they would be made to swallow the embers if they continued to resist eating food. The author mentions that he heard of a captain pouring molten lead on some slaves who obstinately refused to eat (p. 23). On the voyages Falconbridge saw that the Blacks were provided extremely uncomfortable accommodation on the half deck with planks to sleep on. Lying on the bare planks caused their skin and in even flesh of the emaciated men to get rubbed off from their shoulders, hips and elbows due to the constant motion of the ship (p. 28). Exercise being deemed necessary to keep the slaves healthy, they were forcibly made to dance on the deck even in foul weather when it was difficult to be on the deck. They were flogged if they showed any reluctance or were not Marysue Andreozzi active (p. 23). On longer voyages such as from the coast of Guinea to the West Indies, the food ra tion was very small, which led to quarrels among the slaves (Falconbridge, 1788, p.22). Also, the allowance of water was restricted to about half a pint per head per meal. The life of the slaves once they reached the shores of America became just a shade better. They were housed in slave pens a description of which has been provided by Abdy

Female Absenteeism from Sociology Theories

Female Absenteeism from Sociology Theories Critically explore the claim that women have been excluded from the history of sociology. When studying the history of sociology, it is evident that the perspective of male scholars and theorists has been much more prevalent than that of females and has had a greater influence on the nature of society today. In patriarchal society, men have made their own knowledge and their own gender representative of the whole of humanity (Daly, 1973;8, cited in Spender, 1981). The most dominant theorists who pioneered sociology during their time, were males such as Durkheim and Weber, regardless of the fact that they had many female contemporaries (such as Webers wife, Marianne, who became a feminist and writer) who at the same points in history, had developed theories and conducted research of their own. This essay will aim to critically explore the claim that women have been excluded from this history, and will attempt to show arguments both for and against this statement. The exclusion of women in the history of the sociological field can only be fully understood when examining the exclusion of women in the history of society as a whole. For example in late 19th century England, women were not recognised as individuals. They were confined to the private and domesticated world, where they were unnoticed by public society. Some women did engage in more public activities, although there were restrictions, such as the factory legislation, which limited the involvement of women in the industrial sector. Men held formal power over the family, and women were confined to the private sphere of society and were excluded from the public sphere where they enjoyed few of the same benefits and privileges as men (Eisenstein, 1986). As during the 19th and 20th centuries, the dominant role of women was involved in the private sector rather than the public, this could perhaps have lead to the exclusion of women in sociological history. This meant that sociologists at the time were unable to conduct research on women, as they were unaware of the exact roles of women in this sector of society had. Additionally, at this point in history there were many other aspects of society that were to be observed, for example the industrial revolution. This created many changes in the lives of the working classes, and as such a majority of the work force was male, this only aided in the exclusion of women, as they were unavailable for observation by sociologists. It is because of this, that sociologists who sought information on working classes were unable to obtain sufficient information on the female workforce and accurately represent women. Instead they could only describe the working classes as being predominantly male and b ased the majority of theories on this (Spender, 1981). In 1865 Mill became a member of the House of Commons and fought for womens suffrage, and fought to amend the laws that gave husbands control over their wives money and property (Eisenstein, 1986). Such suppression is also evident in other sectors of society, for example women have been encouraged to specialise in less prestigious areas than men, and areas which are least likely to be thought of as preparation for any academic career (Roberts and Woodward, 1981). The omission of women from the expansion of knowledge in academic fields such as social and physical or natural sciences has been documented (Roberts and Woodward, 1981), this illustrating the lack of female perspective and lack of acknowledgement of females in academic fields. The majority of knowledge in our society is that documented and discovered by men, although has been passed off as the knowledge of mankind as they claim it is representative of the whole of humanity. The views of men have become the legitimate view of society as a whole (Spender, 1981). Even the knowledge that society has of women, is not from a female perspective, but that of male scholars. It is also men who controlled the media outlets, such as womens magazines in the 1950s, which dictated to women their expected roles and behaviours and according to Betty Friedan, was so influential in shaping their lives (cited in Spender, 1985). From more recent investigation, it seems that employment prospects of women in social sciences have yet to see much improvement (Roberts et al., 1981). Beard (1946, cited in Spender, 1981), insisted that women had actively contributed to the development of society throughout history, however as womens contributions to society had been ignored for so long, this only makes it easier for this to continue and also reinforces womens poor self image (Spender, 1981). It has been argued that women need to prove themselves to be better than their male counterparts in any field before they can be accepted. It is perhaps for this reason that there is little documentation on what women did in the past (Spender, 1981). However, throughout history women seem to have played a lesser role in times of crisis and revolution in comparison to men. For this reason Hexter argued that historians were concerned with the process of social change and that since women did not play a decisive role in such proce sses, they were not the legitimate subject of history (Spender, 1981; 55). In other words, the patriarchal society of this time did not see the actions of women to contribute significantly enough to deserve historical mention. Evidence of the continuation of this Despite the majority of sociologists, during times of the industrial revolution, focusing for the most part on the lives of the working classes (or in other words, working class men) Margaret Hewitt (1958, cited in Spender, 1981) was writing about the behaviours and experiences of wives and mothers in the Victorian industrial era. Even before this, Pearl Jephcott (1949, cited in Spender, 1981) wrote on Girls Growing Up which remains a classic text in sociology. This would suggest evidence against the exclusion of women in sociological history, as there were sociologists who were writing about them. Although these sociologists mentioned were themselves, women, and as previously described, the patriarchal society of the time did not see the opinions of women to be as important as that of men. Therefore it can be said that whist the place of women in society, and their lives, was acknowledged by female sociologists, as it is a male dominated field, their works were not to be regarded highly amongst their male counterparts. In identifying this, it can also be realised that the majority of well known female sociologists, are those which discuss the roles and lives of women, over that of men. Their stance on sociology, is that from a feminist viewpoint, rather than adopting the theories of the classical sociologists, such as Marx or Durkheim. Female sociologists who take these view points are to be forever in the shadows of the original male theorists, where as female sociologists who write and research under the principles of the feminist movement seem much more likely to gain wider recognition for their work. To conclude this essay it can be seen that women were not fully excluded from the history of sociology, as there were other women who wrote about them and documented their place in society. However at the same time they did not receive the same recognition as males in society did and were not seen to have such a significant role in the history of society. Therefore the claim that women have been excluded from the history of sociology is largely true as their work and input have been much less appreciated and acknowledged in comparison to men of the same time. Jessie Bernard (1972, cited in Roberts et al., 1981) asked not what sociology can do for women, but rather what women can do for sociology. It can be seen that in the sociological field there is a definite bias towards the presence of men in society, both as subjects and as researchers, whilst that which involves women receives much less recognition. After all, the founding fathers of sociology, are the founding fathers and not the founding mothers (Spender, 1981). References: Eisenstein, Z. (1986). The Radical Future of Liberal Feminism. Boston: Notheastern University Press Roberts, H. and Woodward, D. (1981). Changing patterns of womens employment in sociology: 1950-80. The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Dec., 1981), pp. 531-546. Blackwell Publishing [Online] available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/590132?seq=1 Spender, D. (1985). For The Record. London: The Womens Press Limited Spender, D. (ed). (1981). Mens studies modified. Oxford: Pergamon Press Limited