Effects of Silver Mining on Indigenous People in Mexico

Introduction Indigenous people own most of the expansive strips of undeveloped land in Mexico. These lands are renowned for holding numerous unexploited minerals, and in this respect, most of the mining companies target these lands leading to conflicts between the companies and the indigenous people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Silver Mining on Indigenous People in Mexico specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Anaya (2000), the conflict drastically affects the sustainability of the land pieces. Mining may have positive impacts on the lives of the indigenous people. For instance, it may give the indigenous people a chance to realise their goals through revenue generated from the mining industry. On the other hand, mining may offer employment opportunities to the indigenous people and thus alleviate their living standards. Nevertheless, if not well managed, mining may have unpleasant effects o n the livelihood of the indigenous people. It may pose numerous insolvency threats and threaten their sovereignty (Armienta et al. 2007). Indigenous people hardly hold their wealth in the form of income. Rather, their wealth is in the form of resources such as land that they associate with cultural values, environmental awareness, and institutions (Aronson 2009). The cultures of the indigenous people act as timelines that help members retrace their past, understand their present, and forecast what the future holds for them (Ballard Banks 2003). The timelines are restrained and hard to transfer to a different locality meaning that displacement of the indigenous people makes it hard for them to follow their development course.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This aspect underlines why indigenous people are capable of surviving in marginalised areas that non-indigenous people are incapabl e of thriving in without relying on external resources like technology, capital, and energy. Modern human activities like mining have adverse effects on the indigenous people. Indigenous people in Mexico stage demonstrations against mining companies as an indication that they hardly benefit from the companies. This paper will focus on the effects of silver mining on indigenous people in Mexico. Encroachment into the sacred sites Most of the mining contracts in Mexico are awarded without consultation with the indigenous people. Besides, the government does not give the mining companies the actual demarcation of the area to carryout their mining activities. The companies end up extending their operations to territories owned by the indigenous people thus destroying their sacred sites. Failure to consult the indigenous people leads to mining companies encroaching into areas held sacred by the indigenous communities (Herringshaw 2004). The companies carryout their mining activities alon g routes used by indigenous people during their pilgrimage journeys. Besides, they excavate lands where indigenous people buried their ancestors. This scenario poses spiritual and social threats to the communities as the mining companies disrupt the peace of their ancestors. In 2011, a Canadian company entered into conflict with the Waxarika community after it won a contract to mine silver in San Luis Potosi. The region where the company was to mine silver is along a route used by Waxarika people on their way to pilgrimage journeys (Melinda 2012).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Silver Mining on Indigenous People in Mexico specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, most of their ancestors are buried in this area. Allowing the company to go on with its mining process would have resulted in disturbing the peace of the ancestors. In most cases, indigenous people relocate their shrines and other sites wher e they hold religious ceremonies due to mining activities. Silver mining companies excavate their sacred sites forcing the communities to look for alternative sites (Tetreault 2011). Furthermore, the noise from the mining machines does not allow them to hold their religious ceremonies peacefully. For peaceful celebrations, indigenous communities relocate their sites to areas that are located far from the mining site. Environmental risks The environmental benefits and risks linked to mining may lead to inequality. From the start, the location of minerals sites determines which communities will benefit from the mining activities (Ali 2009). Since minerals are normally concentrated in one area, some groups of people may continue getting rich while others continue languishing in poverty. In addition, different regions suffer from the environmental damage caused by mining activities differently. The mode of mining, transportation facilities, and nature of the minerals dictate the level o f environmental damage caused. At times, local people are left to deal with toxic substances left behind by the mining companies after completing their mining processes. In addition to encroaching into sacred sites owned by the indigenous people, silver mining in Mexico poses environmental risks to the indigenous people. The mining process leads to ruin of vegetation cover and pollution of water and soil.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the process lowers the amount and quality of water and negatively affects the biodiversity of a place. This aspect in return affects the ability of the indigenous communities to acquire these significant resources. Normally, indigenous people depend on their environment for everything. They acquire most of their basic needs from their surroundings (Bocking 2012). Since mining disrupts the natural growth of the environment, the process makes it hard for nature to sustain the indigenous people. During the nineteenth century, silver mining in Real de Catorce led to degradation of vegetation cover in the area and contamination of water. Before then, the area was covered with a forest, but the process converted the area into a desert. In Natividad, mining activities led to water contamination in the area. Four years after the mining process started, the area experienced water shortages, which compelled environmentalists to order the closure of the mining company (Dore 2000). Th e company was accused of annihilating the aquifer that the community depended on for water supply. Mexico is popular for stringent environmental policies. Nevertheless, the country has limited number of government and private institutions that implement these policies. Consequently, the indigenous people end up paying the cost of environmental degradation caused by mining companies (Chapa 2006). During the mining process, companies use varied chemicals to extract ores. Regrettably, these chemicals are not treated before being released to the environment. Therefore, they pollute the air and damage crops exposing the local communities to health hazards and drought. Moreover, the mining companies use cyanide to extract silver and exposure to this chemical leaves the indigenous people vulnerable to impaired vision, headaches, and breathing problems (Hayden 2003). One of the challenges that the indigenous people face is the limited account for the environmental effects of silver mining. Hence, no matter how hard the aboriginals resist the activity, it is hard for them to receive full support from the government since they hardly substantiate their claims. Besides not treating chemicals before releasing them to the environment, silver mining companies do not dispose wastes left after silver extraction (Martinez-Alier 2001). Once they exhaust minerals in an area, the companies just reallocate to a new area leaving the Mexican government with the responsibility of disposing the waste. The government takes long to dispose these wastes subjecting the indigenous people to health problems. Loss of sovereignty One of the reasons why indigenous people resist mining activities in their areas is because mining takes away their sovereignty. Mining often affects institutions and indigenous lifestyles affecting their ability to provide for themselves (Gordon Webber 2008). Globally, indigenous communities observe their autonomous rights as equal members of the society in the sta te. Hence, the indigenous communities value their sovereignty just like the non-indigenous people, and use all means to preserve it whenever they sense any threat. Sovereignty does not only stand for sea rights and indigenous land (Hilson 2002a), but also refers to the ability of the indigenous communities to sustain themselves both politically and economically. Silver mining in Mexico affects the sovereignty of the indigenous people since it denies them the right to manage and control their lands. Besides, it becomes hard for communities to pass on their culture to subsequent generations. The establishment of mining activities comes in handy with foreign cultures. For instance, the Canadian silver mining companies operating in Mexico led to the introduction of Canadian cultures to the indigenous people. Interaction with the miners made it hard for the indigenous people to uphold their culture thus adopting some cultural practices from the miners. Indigenous people strongly attribut e their sovereignty to land and thus they highly value their land (Stromberg Tellman 2009). The survival of these people depends on the land and its resources. Hence, it is hard for the indigenous people to let go their land knowing that their life depends on it. Silver mining in Mexico deprives the indigenous people of their sovereignty since it leads to their displacement from their ancestral land. Normally, mining leads to privatisation of land that the aboriginals own communally. As mining companies assume ownership of these lands, the indigenous communities relocate to new areas. Initially, the Mexicans had the right to the land, and on the other hand, the nation had the right to all that was beneath the land. Hence, the indigenous people had influence on how the land was utilised in the country. It was hard for the authorities to initiate mining activities before getting the consent of the aboriginal communities. However, in 1990s the government came up with mineral reforms, which oppressed the aboriginals. The reforms gave miners the right to access lands without having to consult the people that own the land. Eventually, the indigenous people lost control of their land to foreign miners. Silver and gold mining in Mexico has led to loss of life, damage of property, impoverishment, and land destruction. Canadian mining companies have taken control of indigenous lands in Mexico, and in preparation for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Mexico ended up amending its constitution. The amendments made it possible for land privatisation leading to the entrance of foreign companies into the country. In addition, constitution amendment led to the massive sale of indigenous lands (â€Å"ejido†) to foreigners (Dhillon 2007). For decades, these lands were communally owned under the control of the indigenous people. The government had no control of these lands. However, changes made to the mining laws gave exploitation and exploration of minera ls precedence over the landowners. Hence, the indigenous people who used their land for agriculture and hunting had to give up the land to miners. In opposition to this move, some of the indigenous people ended up losing their lives or suffering permanent injuries. For instance, Bernardo Sanchez lost his life as he tried to mobilise people to oppose the activities of Fortuna Silver Mines (Weinberg 2007). According to Sanchez, the mining company had misled the community to allow it to operate on its land without clarifying on the consequences of the mining activity (Weinberg 2007). In addition, Sanchez claimed that the company was responsible for water shortage in the area and other water-related problems like contamination that the community experienced. Culture destabilisation Another effect of silver mining in Mexico is cultural destabilisation and disunity among the indigenous people. Before the mining companies arrived in Mexico, indigenous people coexisted in harmony. They prac ticed a common culture. However, mining companies led to division among the communities (Murillo 2009). After the indigenous people opposed the establishment of mining activities on their land, the companies devised mechanisms to win the trust from some of the people. Some people were promised jobs, which compelled then to accept and welcome the companies. Division emerged within the indigenous communities where some people opposed the mining companies while others embraced them. The companies took advantage of the level of poverty amongst indigenous people to win their trust. For instance, to win the trust from the local people, First Majestic Silver Company hired some of the local leaders in Wirikuta. The move aimed at creating a lift in the community thus polarising its opposition. The community could not speak in one voice since some leaders benefited from the project and could not accept to forfeit their jobs. Besides the division in the communities, silver mining led to the ab olishment of communism among the indigenous people with most of the people adopting an individualistic culture. Today, most of the indigenous people that work in the mining companies do not share their proceeds with others unlike in the past where people used to gather food and share as a community. Today, wages shape most of the cultural values of the indigenous people in Mexico. Individualism caused by the silver mining activity has disintegrated the social fabric of the indigenous people. It has not only broken up the extended families, but also led to disunity in the community. In the past, parents had time to stay with their children and teach them their culture. However, today parents spend most of their time in the mining companies leaving their relatives with the responsibility of taking care of the children. This has resulted in weaker interactions within families and the community at large. Apart from culture destabilisation, silver mining in Mexico led to the disruption o f leadership and social organisation. Initially, the indigenous communities lived in groups, and they had stable leadership systems. The leadership made all decisions on matters affecting the community. Nevertheless, when the mining companies came, they targeted individual leaders within the indigenous communities and used them to polarise the communities’ influence. Leaders were given jobs and promised monetary rewards if they could help the companies establish their operations. Prior to his death, Sanchez asserted that the mining companies entered their land and talked to individual landowners without consulting the entire community. The move disrupted the social organisation that the community had hitherto maintained. Leaders could not speak in one voice to oppose the companies, as some of them already had personal interests in the companies’ activities. The leaders gave up the interests of the community to pursue personal interests, and it was hard to convince them that allowing the mining activity to take place would have negative effects on their social and cultural values. Displacement and relocation A study on the Mexican neoliberal laws like NAFTA policies has shown that silver mining led to immense displacement and migration of the indigenous people. Since 1994, â€Å"more than fifteen million indigenous people in Mexico have relocated or been displaced from their ancestral lands† (Alexandra 2006, p.116). The mining industry in the country upholds a myth that mining is crucial for economic growth of the state. In spite of the mining companies offering jobs to the local people, most of these jobs are temporary and poorly paying. In Cerro de San Pedro, the indigenous people lost their lands and homes to the mining companies (Dunbar-Oritz 2007). They were displaced from their lands to give the mining company an opportunity to carry on with the mining activities. The move deprived the indigenous people of their right to live and work on their ancestral land. Moreover, relocation to new localities made it hard for communities to carry on with their cultural practices. Indigenous people have lived in their ancestral lands for decades. Hence, their culture and economic activities are entrenched into the land. Therefore, displacing the indigenous people from their ancestral land means breaking the course of their culture, as it is hard for them to relocate with all their cultural values, most of which are attached to their land. Impoverishment and wealth risks Activities that incapacitate people’s ability to improve, accrue, maintain, and pass on their affluence to subsequent generations seriously challenge the sustainability of the affected people. Individuals that are alien to indigenous culture may claim that mining activities do not pose wealth and impoverishment risks to the indigenous people (Hilson 2002b). They may argue that indigenous people suffer from unemployment and have limited wealth or revenu e, and thus introducing mining activities in their areas would hardly affect them. Those supporting the mining activities would argue that the endeavour would facilitate in reducing poverty in the area. Individuals supporting mining activities in indigenous lands claim that the government and the mining companies compensate the affected people by creating jobs in the mining companies. Nevertheless, not every effort that the government and mining companies make to reimburse the affected communities facilitate in mitigating the principal sustainability and impoverishment threats that the mining activities pose on the indigenous people. The earned revenues characterise only a diminutive fraction of the indigenous wealth. The wealth that props up the maintenance of the culture of indigenous people in Mexico lies on environmental awareness, institutions, and resources like land, which they attribute to some cultural values (Postero 2008). Silver mining in Mexico denies the indigenous peo ple the opportunity to access mutual resources, culturally fitting housing, identity, social support, food security, and localised prestige. The activity deprives the aboriginals the right to continue farming on their ancestral land, thus predisposes these people to food shortages (Swaney Olson 2007). Before mining companies arrived in Mexico, indigenous people were depending on their environment and resources that nature provides for them for sustenance. They depended on proceeds of the land for survival. Silver mining in Mexico subjects the indigenous people to impoverishment and wealth risks in varied ways. The mining activity breaks the course of economic and social life. Normally, local people abandon some of their economic activities and relocate to new places to give room for the mining companies (Van Young 2008). This affects the course of their social life as well as economic activities. Conclusion Silver mining in Mexico affects the indigenous people negatively. One would think that the aboriginals would benefit from job opportunities created by the mining companies. Silver mining has resulted to encroachment of sacred lands once held by the indigenous people. Some of the mining sites lie on the routes used by the indigenous people on their pilgrimage journeys. Besides, some mining activities take place on lands where indigenous people buried their ancestors. The mining activities lead to vegetation degradation coupled with water and soil contamination, which makes it hard for communities to depend on their land. Indigenous people lose their sovereignty as they no longer have control of their ancestral land and cannot go on with their cultural practices without interference. Miners target individual leaders within the community to win their trust and get permission to operate in the area. In the process, they disrupt social organisation and destroy the leadership system used by the indigenous people. Silver mining leads to displacement and relocatio n of the indigenous people. Hence, silver mining seriously challenges sustainability of the indigenous people in Mexico. Reference List Alexandra, V 2006, Tracing Neoliberalism in Mexico: Historical Displacement and  Survival Strategies for Mixtec Fam on the U.S. – Mexico Border, University of Arizona Press, Arizona. Ali, S 2009, Mining, the Environment, and Indigenous Development Conflict  University of Arizona Press, Arizona. Anaya, S 2000, Indigenous Peoples Law in International Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford: Armienta, M, Rodriguez, C, Ongley, K, Brust, H, Morales, F, Aguayo, A, Cruz, O Ceniceros, N 2007, ‘Origin and fate of arsenic in a historic mining area of Mexico’,  Trace Metals and Other Contaminants in the Environment, vol. 9 no.1, pp.473-498. Aronson, S 2009, Aboriginal Land Rights, Self-Counsel Press, Vancouver. Ballard, C Banks, G 2003, ‘Resource Wars: The Anthropology of Mining’, Annual  Review of Anthropology, vol. 32 no. 1, pp. 287-314. Bocking, P 2012, Mexican farmers battle Canadian mine for control of their land. Web. Chapa, J 2006, ‘Wage labour in the periphery: Silver mining in colonial Mexico’,  Review, vol. 4 no. 3, pp. 509-534. Dhillon, M 2007, Made in Canada violence: mining in Mexico. Web. Dore, E 2000, ‘Environment and society: long-term trends in Latin American mining’,  Environment and History, vol. 6 no. 1, pp.1-29. Dunbar-Oritz, R 2007, Roots of Resistance: A History of Land Tenure in Mexico, University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma. Gordon, T Webber, J 2008, ‘Imperialism and resistance: Canadian mining Companies in Latin America’, Third World Quarterly, vol. 29 no. 1, pp. 63-87. Hayden, C 2003, When Nature Goes Public: The Making and Unmaking of  Bioprospecting in Mexico, Princeton University Press, New Jersey. Herringshaw, V 2004, ‘Natural Resources – Curse or Blessing?’, New Economy, vol. 11 no. 3, pp. 174-178. Hil son, G 2002a, ‘An overview of land use conflicts in mining communities’, Land  Use Policy, vol. 19 no.1, pp. 65-73. Hilson, G 2002b, ‘Small-scale mining, and its socio-economic impact in developing Countries’, Natural Resources Forum, vol. 26 no. 1, pp.3-13. Martinez-Alier, J 2001, ‘Mining conflicts, environmental justice, and valuation’,  Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 86 no. 3, pp.153-170. Melinda, B 2012, ‘Mining sacred space: law’s enactment of competing ontologies in the American West’, Environment and Planning, vol. 44 no. 6, pp. 1443-1458. Murillo, D 2009, ‘The creation of indigenous leadership in a Spanish town: Zacatecas, Mexico’, Ethnohistory, vol. 56 no. 4, pp.669-698. Postero, N 2008, ‘Indigenous response to neoliberalism’, Political and Legal  Anthropology Review, vol. 28 no. 1, pp. 73-92. Stromberg, J Tellman, B 2009, Ecology and Conservation of the San Pedro River,  Uni versity of Arizona Press, Arizona. Swaney, J Olson, I 2007, ‘The economics of biodiversity: lives and lifestyles’,  Journal of Economic Issues, vol. 26 no. 1, pp. 1-25. Tetreault, D 2011, Sacred indigenous site in Mexico threatened by Canadian mining  Company. Web. Van Young, E 2008, ‘Agrarian rebellion and defence of community: meaning and collective violence in late colonial and independence-era Mexico’, Journal of Social  History, vol. 27 no. 2, pp. 245-269. Weinberg, B 2007, Homage to Chiapas: The New Indigenous Struggles in Mexico.  Donnelly Sons Co., New York. This essay on Effects of Silver Mining on Indigenous People in Mexico was written and submitted by user Shania Kerr to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Explanation to Consumer

Explanation to Consumer Explanation to Consumer- Ot Essay October 17, 2012 Explanation to Consumer Client Information/Background: My client is a middle age woman, Mrs. Smith, who is suffering from stress and depression. She feels this is largely in part to problems that she has been having at home with her son, Jake. Her son is 6 years old, and has temper tantrums and outbursts almost daily. This is becoming a problem not only at home, but at school as well. She is concerned about her son’s future and is looking for any options to help determine the causes of his outbursts, as well as ways to prevent them. Mrs. Smith, I am writing to you in regards to our meeting last week to discuss possible options for your son. Based on the information I have gathered, I am referring you to see Sandra Jones, an Occupational Therapist at Unlimited Performance. I understand that this whole process may be a bit nerve-wracking, but you can feel free to contact me at anytime with any questions you may have. The purpose of Occupational Therapy is to help people increase functional independence in daily life and it can be a very useful tool for children with behavior problems. It will be important to determine if there are any underlying issues with Jake, such as delayed cognitive or intellectual impairment that could be the source of the outbursts that you mentioned. After the initial assessment, you will have the opportunity to develop a treatment plan. This may include activities in your own home, as well as visits to Unlimited Performance. I have had a chance to personally observe the Occupational Therapists at Unlimited Performance, and I am fully confident they will be able to help you achieve the goals you have set for your son. Not only will Sandra be able to help your son weekly during your appointments, but she will also be able to give you helpful tips you can use at home during Jake’s outbursts. The activities

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Punishment Philosophy in the Criminal Justice System - Essay Example Lawyers sometimes argue that punishment should depend on the magnitude of the destruction. However, cases may be similar but their severities differ (Weisberg, 2012). The incapacitation principle proposes strategies put in place to help eliminate the level of crime through various physical restraints of the actions. The principle insinuates that individuals’ confinement to specific areas may help them to avoid a criminal act. The community may restrict the movement of their people to different places to preserve their cultural ties. The most practical example in the society today is the restriction of the children moving to some places like bars and clubs, would reduce the chances of children involving in drinking alcohols and the like. The deterrence principle raises fundamental concerns on the connection between sanctions and human behavior. Punishment is a tool of reward to offenders. The deterrent effect of the punishment may lead to conformity. Severe punishment for a particular crime may deter an individual with an intention to commit an offense to abstain. The principle of deterrence relates to the freedom of choice for an individual. Most individuals would choose to maximize their pleasures at minimum risk. The UN and the World Bank, for instance, may choose to impose serious economic sanction on some countries because of their misconduct. This imposition of the sanction may deter other countries which would otherwise involve in similar misconduct because of the fear of conviction. The type of punishment applied to the offenders injects fear in other parties hence deterring them from committing an offense. Rehabilitation is a strategy for correcting the victims as discussed by Muhlhausen (2010). The principle focuses on restoring and reforming an offender. It may look ambiguous because it is a punishment coupled with treatment. The correctional centers are increasing all over the world because the punishment for the offenders

The Treatment Of Men During Slavery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Treatment Of Men During Slavery - Essay Example Slaves in the ancient Roman Empire consisted mostly of prisoners of war, captives sold by pirates, or even children of Romans in penury who had been sold. The slaves were engaged in farming, businesses, working for private households, and in the construction of infrastructure for public use including aqueducts, bridges, roads etc. It was common for the owners to treat the slaves cruelly, and even kill them and not be punished for it. But some slave masters were also kind and considerate to their slaves (Nardo) as indicated by the saturnalia festival which was an occasion for the slaves and masters to be thankful to each other and enjoyed peaceful time together. Also, a hallmark of Roman slavery as compared to the modern variety was manumission or the formal release from slavery by the owner. Contrasting the ancient system of slavery in Rome with the system that existed until the end of the 19th century in the Americas, in particular North America, the glaring difference was that the latter was based mainly on race. Marysue Andreozzi The import of slaves from Africa to America began mainly due to the shortage of labor. And the blacks were believed to be hard workers. Furthermore, the practice did not meet with any religious disapproval either, since the Church law did not prohibit black slavery. Thus began slavery with racist overtones. Gradually, the slaves themselves became a trade commodity. Thus, what began as a need to overcome shortage of labor became the means to acquire more wealth (McKay et al., 2008). It is believed that in a span of a little more than 300 years (between 1500 A.D. and mid 1800 A.D.), around 12 million black slaves from Africa to the Western Hemisphere. A first-hand account of the harrowing life of the slaves aboard the ship on their voyage from Africa to America has been given by Alexander Falconbridge (1788) who was the British surgeon on four of those voyages. As mentioned in the narrative, the blacks who refused to eat had their lip s almost scorched by red-hot coal that was brought on a shovel very close to their lips and also issued dire threats that they would be made to swallow the embers if they continued to resist eating food. The author mentions that he heard of a captain pouring molten lead on some slaves who obstinately refused to eat (p. 23). On the voyages Falconbridge saw that the Blacks were provided extremely uncomfortable accommodation on the half deck with planks to sleep on. Lying on the bare planks caused their skin and in even flesh of the emaciated men to get rubbed off from their shoulders, hips and elbows due to the constant motion of the ship (p. 28). Exercise being deemed necessary to keep the slaves healthy, they were forcibly made to dance on the deck even in foul weather when it was difficult to be on the deck. They were flogged if they showed any reluctance or were not Marysue Andreozzi active (p. 23). On longer voyages such as from the coast of Guinea to the West Indies, the food ra tion was very small, which led to quarrels among the slaves (Falconbridge, 1788, p.22). Also, the allowance of water was restricted to about half a pint per head per meal. The life of the slaves once they reached the shores of America became just a shade better. They were housed in slave pens a description of which has been provided by Abdy

Female Absenteeism from Sociology Theories

Female Absenteeism from Sociology Theories Critically explore the claim that women have been excluded from the history of sociology. When studying the history of sociology, it is evident that the perspective of male scholars and theorists has been much more prevalent than that of females and has had a greater influence on the nature of society today. In patriarchal society, men have made their own knowledge and their own gender representative of the whole of humanity (Daly, 1973;8, cited in Spender, 1981). The most dominant theorists who pioneered sociology during their time, were males such as Durkheim and Weber, regardless of the fact that they had many female contemporaries (such as Webers wife, Marianne, who became a feminist and writer) who at the same points in history, had developed theories and conducted research of their own. This essay will aim to critically explore the claim that women have been excluded from this history, and will attempt to show arguments both for and against this statement. The exclusion of women in the history of the sociological field can only be fully understood when examining the exclusion of women in the history of society as a whole. For example in late 19th century England, women were not recognised as individuals. They were confined to the private and domesticated world, where they were unnoticed by public society. Some women did engage in more public activities, although there were restrictions, such as the factory legislation, which limited the involvement of women in the industrial sector. Men held formal power over the family, and women were confined to the private sphere of society and were excluded from the public sphere where they enjoyed few of the same benefits and privileges as men (Eisenstein, 1986). As during the 19th and 20th centuries, the dominant role of women was involved in the private sector rather than the public, this could perhaps have lead to the exclusion of women in sociological history. This meant that sociologists at the time were unable to conduct research on women, as they were unaware of the exact roles of women in this sector of society had. Additionally, at this point in history there were many other aspects of society that were to be observed, for example the industrial revolution. This created many changes in the lives of the working classes, and as such a majority of the work force was male, this only aided in the exclusion of women, as they were unavailable for observation by sociologists. It is because of this, that sociologists who sought information on working classes were unable to obtain sufficient information on the female workforce and accurately represent women. Instead they could only describe the working classes as being predominantly male and b ased the majority of theories on this (Spender, 1981). In 1865 Mill became a member of the House of Commons and fought for womens suffrage, and fought to amend the laws that gave husbands control over their wives money and property (Eisenstein, 1986). Such suppression is also evident in other sectors of society, for example women have been encouraged to specialise in less prestigious areas than men, and areas which are least likely to be thought of as preparation for any academic career (Roberts and Woodward, 1981). The omission of women from the expansion of knowledge in academic fields such as social and physical or natural sciences has been documented (Roberts and Woodward, 1981), this illustrating the lack of female perspective and lack of acknowledgement of females in academic fields. The majority of knowledge in our society is that documented and discovered by men, although has been passed off as the knowledge of mankind as they claim it is representative of the whole of humanity. The views of men have become the legitimate view of society as a whole (Spender, 1981). Even the knowledge that society has of women, is not from a female perspective, but that of male scholars. It is also men who controlled the media outlets, such as womens magazines in the 1950s, which dictated to women their expected roles and behaviours and according to Betty Friedan, was so influential in shaping their lives (cited in Spender, 1985). From more recent investigation, it seems that employment prospects of women in social sciences have yet to see much improvement (Roberts et al., 1981). Beard (1946, cited in Spender, 1981), insisted that women had actively contributed to the development of society throughout history, however as womens contributions to society had been ignored for so long, this only makes it easier for this to continue and also reinforces womens poor self image (Spender, 1981). It has been argued that women need to prove themselves to be better than their male counterparts in any field before they can be accepted. It is perhaps for this reason that there is little documentation on what women did in the past (Spender, 1981). However, throughout history women seem to have played a lesser role in times of crisis and revolution in comparison to men. For this reason Hexter argued that historians were concerned with the process of social change and that since women did not play a decisive role in such proce sses, they were not the legitimate subject of history (Spender, 1981; 55). In other words, the patriarchal society of this time did not see the actions of women to contribute significantly enough to deserve historical mention. Evidence of the continuation of this Despite the majority of sociologists, during times of the industrial revolution, focusing for the most part on the lives of the working classes (or in other words, working class men) Margaret Hewitt (1958, cited in Spender, 1981) was writing about the behaviours and experiences of wives and mothers in the Victorian industrial era. Even before this, Pearl Jephcott (1949, cited in Spender, 1981) wrote on Girls Growing Up which remains a classic text in sociology. This would suggest evidence against the exclusion of women in sociological history, as there were sociologists who were writing about them. Although these sociologists mentioned were themselves, women, and as previously described, the patriarchal society of the time did not see the opinions of women to be as important as that of men. Therefore it can be said that whist the place of women in society, and their lives, was acknowledged by female sociologists, as it is a male dominated field, their works were not to be regarded highly amongst their male counterparts. In identifying this, it can also be realised that the majority of well known female sociologists, are those which discuss the roles and lives of women, over that of men. Their stance on sociology, is that from a feminist viewpoint, rather than adopting the theories of the classical sociologists, such as Marx or Durkheim. Female sociologists who take these view points are to be forever in the shadows of the original male theorists, where as female sociologists who write and research under the principles of the feminist movement seem much more likely to gain wider recognition for their work. To conclude this essay it can be seen that women were not fully excluded from the history of sociology, as there were other women who wrote about them and documented their place in society. However at the same time they did not receive the same recognition as males in society did and were not seen to have such a significant role in the history of society. Therefore the claim that women have been excluded from the history of sociology is largely true as their work and input have been much less appreciated and acknowledged in comparison to men of the same time. Jessie Bernard (1972, cited in Roberts et al., 1981) asked not what sociology can do for women, but rather what women can do for sociology. It can be seen that in the sociological field there is a definite bias towards the presence of men in society, both as subjects and as researchers, whilst that which involves women receives much less recognition. After all, the founding fathers of sociology, are the founding fathers and not the founding mothers (Spender, 1981). References: Eisenstein, Z. (1986). The Radical Future of Liberal Feminism. Boston: Notheastern University Press Roberts, H. and Woodward, D. (1981). Changing patterns of womens employment in sociology: 1950-80. The British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Dec., 1981), pp. 531-546. Blackwell Publishing [Online] available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/590132?seq=1 Spender, D. (1985). For The Record. London: The Womens Press Limited Spender, D. (ed). (1981). Mens studies modified. Oxford: Pergamon Press Limited

The National Food Security Mission Environmental Sciences Essay

With the Stagnating nutrient grain production and an increasing ingestion demand of turning population of India, The National Development Council ( NDC ) on 29th May, 2007 in its 53rd meeting adopted the declaration to establish a Food Security Mission and with this consequence the Food Security Mission came into presence on August, 2007. In order to guarantee the nutrient security on a sustainable footing for its country-men, the strategy has targeted to increase the production of rice by 10 million dozenss, wheat by 8 million dozenss and pulsations by 2 million dozenss by the terminal of Eleventh Plan ( 2011-12 ) . It is a centrally Sponsored Scheme, taking to bridge the output spread through airing of improved engineerings and farm direction patterns. This strategy has an of import function in increasing the productiveness of nutrient grains of India, it has advantage over the green revolution as it is covering 17 provinces more than what green revolution covered. As we will see the impact it has made in increasing the productiveness in the ulterior portion of the study, the figures are optimistic and it will be able to accomplish its mark of increasing nutrient productiveness by the twelvemonth 2011-2012 to run into the demand of the turning population. Mission Aims Increase production of rice, wheat and pulsations through country enlargement and productivity-enhancement in a sustainable mode in the identified territories of the state. To increase the production of rice by 10 million dozenss, wheat by 8 million dozenss and pulsations by 2 million dozenss by the terminal of the Eleventh Plan ( 2011-12 ) . Restore dirt birthrate and productiveness at the single farm degree. Creation of employment chances ; and Enhance farm degree economic system ( i.e. farm net incomes ) to reconstruct assurance amongst the husbandmans. Fund Allotment The entire fund allocated to this strategy is 4880 crores for heightening the nutrient grain production of rice by 10 million metric tons, wheat by 8 million tones and pulsations by 2 million metric tons by 2011-12. It is for three harvests, which are rice, wheat and pulsations. Rice and wheat are the major cereals consumed in India and occupies 80 % of our cereal ingestion. Whereas pulsations include several â€Å" dekaliters â€Å" like garbanzo, pigeon pea ( tur ) , mung bean, urad bean, form portion of our basic diet and are the major beginning of protein. Scheme To accomplish the above aims, the Mission adopted following schemes: Active battle of all the stakeholders at assorted degrees Promotion and extension of improved engineerings i.e. , seed, Integrated Nutrient Management including micronutrients, dirt amendments, IPM and resource preservation engineerings along with capacity edifice of husbandmans Flow of fund will be monitored to guarantee that intercessions reach the mark donees on clip. Assorted intercessions proposed would be integrated with the territory program and marks for each identified territory would be fixed. Changeless monitoring and coincident rating for measuring the impact of the intercessions for a consequence oriented attack by the implementing bureaus. Mission Structure A. National Level A General Council ( GC ) will be constituted under the chairmanship of the Union Agriculture Minister. A Mission Director will be appointed at the national degree. The composing of the GC will be as under: Minister of Agriculture Chairman Secretary ( A & A ; C ) Member Secretary ( DARE ) & A ; DG ( ICAR ) Member Secretary, Ministry of Finance Member Adviser ( Agriculture ) , Planing Commission Member Agriculture Commissioner Member Mission Director Member Secretary The GC will be the policy doing organic structure supplying suited directives and counsel to the Mission and reexamining the overall advancement and development of the strategy. The GC will be empowered to lie down and amend the operational guidelines, make up one's mind need-based reallocation of resources across States and territories and O.K. undertakings as per the demands. However, the subsidy norms as approved by the Government shall in no fortunes be exceeded for any of the Mission constituents. The GC will run into at least twice a twelvemonth. A National Food Security Mission Executive Committee ( NFSMEC ) would be constituted under the chairmanship of Secretary, Department of Agriculture & A ; Cooperation to supervise the activities of the Mission and to O.K. the State Action Plans. The NFSMEC will consist the followers: Secretary ( A & A ; C ) Chairman Secretary ( DARE ) & A ; DG, ICAR Member Secretary, MOWR Member Secretary, Department of Fertilizers Member Adviser ( Agri ) , Planing Commission Member Agriculture Commissioner Member Five ( 5 ) experts on harvest production Member Mission Director Member Secretary Function of the NFSMEC will be to supervise the activities of the Mission and to O.K. the single State Action Plans. The Chairman may put up more members to the commission as per demand. The NFSMEC will run into one time in every one-fourth. A Particular Food Security Cell created in the Department of Agriculture & A ; Cooperation ( DAC ) will supply the necessary support to the GC and NFSMEC and will administrate the NFSM. NFSMEC will guarantee smooth functional linkages among different bureaus. NFSMEC shall, in the initial phases of the Mission, meet tri-monthly. Implementing bureaus involved in the executing of the Mission ‘s programme will be accountable to the NFSMEC. A National Food Security Mission Cell will be created in the Crops Division of DAC by redeploying officers/staff from within the Department. There would be three extra Commissioners one each for rice, wheat and pulsations and three Deputy Commissioners one each for the several harvests. Two Adjunct Commissioners, three Assistant Directors, three STAs and back uping staff will besides be placed in the Cell. B. State Level A State Food Security Mission Executive Committee ( SFSMEC ) will be constituted by the State Governments under the chairmanship of Chief Secretary to supervise the activities of the Mission in the State. Secretary ( Agriculture ) , Secretary ( Irrigation ) , Secretary ( Power ) and representatives from other Departments concerned, SAUs, ICAR Institutes, lead Bankss, etc. will be the members of the SFSMEC. A State Mission Director will be appointed in the graduated table of Director ( from within the State Government or outdoors ) . The fundamental law of the State Food Security Mission Executive Committee ( SFSMEC ) will be as follows: Chief Secretary of the State Chairman Secretary ( Agriculture ) Member Secretary ( Irrigation ) Member Secretary ( Power ) Member Vice Chancellor ( s ) of SAUs Member Director/Project Director of ICAR Institutes Member Representatives of Lead Bankss Member State Mission Director Member Secretary The State Governments will hold to put up or make a suited independent bureau registered under the Societies Registration Act for implementing the Mission at the State and territory degrees. The bureau therefore nominated will implement the Mission ‘s programme in the State. Such an bureau could be the State Agricultural Management & A ; Extension Training Institute ( SAMETI ) at the State Level and the Agriculture Technology Management Agency ( ATMA ) at the territory degree. Separate histories for the strategy would be maintained by the State and the District degree Agencies as per the Account codification prescribed by the NSFMEC. The one-year histories would be punctually audited by a hired comptroller every twelvemonth. The State Level Agency will hold the undermentioned duties: Prepare position and State Action Plan in consonant rhyme with the Mission ‘s ends and aims and in close coordination with State Agriculture Universities ( SAUs ) and ICAR Institutes. Organize / behavior baseline study and feasibleness surveies in the country of operation ( territory, sub-district or a group of territories ) to find the position of harvest production, its possible and demand. Similar surveies would besides be undertaken for other constituents of the programmes. Execution of the Mission ‘s programmes in the State through husbandmans societies, Non-Governmental Organizations ( NGOs ) , agriculturists ‘ associations, self-help groups, State establishments and other similar entities. Organize workshops, seminars and developing programmes for husbandmans and other stakeholders at the State degree with the aid of State Agriculture Universities and ICAR Institutes in the district/State. Fundss would be straight received by it from the National Food Security Mission to put to death the sanctioned Action Plan for the State. C. District Level At the territory degree, the strategy will be implemented through the Agricultural Technology Management Agency ( ATMA ) . The State Level Agency will supply the needed financess to the District Level Agency for executing of the programme at the territory / block degree. A District Food Security Mission Executive Committee ( DFSMEC ) will be constituted for undertaking preparation, execution and monitoring of the strategy constituents through the District Agriculture Department. The District Collector or Chief Executive Officer of the Zilla Parishad ( as per bing norms of the State Government ) will be the president of the DFSMEC. DFSMEC will hold representatives from the line Departments concerned including SAUs, KVKs, ATMA, progressive husbandmans, self help groups of husbandmans and reputed NGOs as its members. The Deputy Director ( Agriculture ) / District Agriculture Officer will be the Member Secretary of the DFSMEC. The fundamental law of the DFSMEC will be as follows: District Collector/CEO of Zilla Parishad Chairman Representatives from line Departments Member Nominated progressive husbandmans Member Representatives from ego aid groups of husbandmans Member Representatives from reputed NGOs Member Representative of KVK / SAU in the District Member Project Director ATMA Member Deputy Director ( Agriculture ) /District Member Agricultural Officer Secretary Chairman, DFSMEC may put up other extra officials/persons of importance as felt necessary by him. D. Project Management Team A Project Management Team will be constituted at the National degree under the leading of Mission Director. A Project Management Team will be constituted at the State and the territory degree under the leading of a Project Manager drawn from the State Government. At the State degree, the Project Manager will be of the degree of a Director. At the territory degree, the undertaking director will be of the degree of a Deputy Director ( Agriculture ) or the District Agriculture Officer. The Project Management Team will be assisted by proficient experts to be appointed on contractual footing for engineering transportation and execution of the Mission. The Project Management Team will hold the duty to guarantee coaction among assorted line sections in the Centre / State to accomplish the marks. The assignment of proficient work force will be made on contract footing with the term of mention laid down for the intent by NFSMEC. The Project Management Team will supply the proficient services / advice. Honorarium to Project Management Team members will be fixed as per the extant fiscal norms. KVKs, SAUs and ICAR institutes working in the territory will supply proficient support in preparation of undertakings, its execution and monitoring. The proficient staff will be sourced from SAUs and their regional Centres located in the territories, KVKs, and ICAR institutes for leaving preparation to the husbandmans and extension forces involved in the execution and monitoring of the NFSM. The Project Management Team will hold the undermentioned duties: Guide the States/districts in organisational and proficient affairs. Aid in the execution and monitoring of the assorted intercessions of the NFSM. Help the States/districts in capacity edifice programmes and record the informations on harvest output through harvest cutting experiment samples. Help the territory and province bureaus in coincident rating based on instance surveies in identified territories and papers and circulate the success narratives. Undertake publicity/information run to advance the Mission aims. Monitoring System The National Food Security Mission will hold a strong mechanism of monitoring and rating with the engagement of all the implementing bureaus and the line sections. At the territory degree, monitoring will be undertaken by DFSMEC supported by the Project Management Team. Close monitoring of the physical and the fiscal marks of assorted plan intercessions would be done by the monitoring squads. Format for supervising these intercessions would be prescribed by NSFMEC. The State Department responsible for Economics and Statistics will be involved in accommodating the prescribed format for informations aggregation refering to different parametric quantities of the Mission for supervising to accommodate the local demands. At the State degree, the activities of the Mission will be monitored by a Committee to be constituted under the chairmanship of the State Mission Director with members from the line sections, SAUs, lead Bankss, ICAR institutes and the national harvest development directorates nodal for the State. At the National degree, the activities of the Mission will be monitored by a Committee to be constituted under the chairmanship of the Mission Director with members from Department of Agriculture & A ; Cooperation, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, SAUs, Directorate of Rice, Wheat and Pulses Development, research establishments concerned and functionaries of State Departments concerned. Directorate of Rice/Wheat/ Pulses Development will be the convener of the Committees for the identified provinces, i.e. , the Directorate of Wheat Development for the northern States ; the Directorate of Rice Development for the eastern States ; and the Directorate of Pulses Development for the Central and the southern States. Reporting System The State Department of Agriculture will guarantee the entry of Quarterly Progress Reports ( QPR ) , which should make by the 10th of every 3rd month. Similarly, the elaborate Annual Progress Report ( APR ) should be sent to the Department of Agriculture & A ; Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture within three months after the terminal of the twelvemonth. One transcript of the studies of NFSM-Rice should be sent to the Directorate for Rice Development, Patna ; of NFSM-Wheat to the Directorate of Wheat Development, Ghaziabad and of NFSM-Pulses to the Directorate of Pulse Development, Bhopal with a transcript to the Mission Director. The formats for describing would be as prescribed by the NSFMEC. Evaluation System A baseline study will be conducted by the State Department responsible for Economics & A ; Statisticss to cognize the resource gifts of the husbandmans and the degree of productiveness. Coincident rating will be done every twelvemonth. The State Statistical Department would be responsible for carry oning this rating to measure the public presentation of the strategy in footings of its aims. In the 3rd twelvemonth of execution of the NFSM, a mid-term rating at the National Level will be undertaken through an independent agency/ organisation on its public presentation and defects so as to take the remedial steps / do required alterations in the strategy and its method of execution. An Impact Evaluation Study at the National Level will besides be undertaken through an independent bureau after the 3rd twelvemonth of execution to measure the impact of the strategy in increasing the productiveness of rice, wheat and pulsations, harvest variegation, and sweetening of husbandmans ‘ income. Information communicating engineering will be used for monitoring and rating of the Mission. Specialized tool/format/ package for the monitoring and rating of the Mission ‘s activities would be developed. Benefits to Farmers: Under this strategy the husbandmans are provided with the high giving up assortments of seeds, dirt amenders such as gypsum and calcium hydroxide and micronutrients, helps to add assorted machineries used for farming and aid for taking up Integrated Pest Control measures. Under this mission the expert tells the husbandmans about the new methods of agriculture, how different tools can be used to increase the productiveness and do agriculture easy through Farmers Field Schools and presentations. The strategy is really flexible and leaves adequate infinite for inventions at small town degree. Apart from the room given to the villagers for transporting out the activities as per their ain convenience, the local organic structures are allowed to be after as per their local demands therefore, continuing the spirit and holiness of local bodies/ panchayets establishments. About 10 % of the budget i.e. 420 crores is allotted for this intent. A fund of Rs1 crore per territory holding a individual mission harvest, 2 crores per territory holding more than one mission harvests is provided. Since the strategy has focused to increase the productiveness of wheat, rice and pulsations so, it came up with many intercessions in order to accomplish its mission. Some of the major intercessions that have been planned are given below given: Interventions-Rice, Wheat and Pulses Demonstration-In order to make the consciousness about the improved farm patterns presentation of the improved patterns of rice and wheat, SRI and intercrossed rice will be conducted at husbandman ‘s field. The figure of presentation will be about 1/5th of the entire figure of 11th five-year program but merely one presentation will be given to the husbandman. The presentations will be conducted in the immediate block by spliting the field in two blocks, one for the improved patterns and other by the husbandman ‘s patterns. This will be done in coaction with the State Department of Agriculture, State Agriculture Universities, ICAR Institutes, Krishi Vikas Kendra and NGO ‘s working in this field. But before all these choice of beneficiary husbandmans, choice of site and dirt analysis will be done. System of Rice Intensification and Hybrid Rice Technology- The presentation of SRI and intercrossed rice engineering will be conducted on husbandman ‘s field holding assured irrigation installation and proviso of drainage. Fiscal Aid for production of seed-Financial aid will be provided for the production of seed of intercrossed rice and certified seeds of improved assortments of pulsations. The production will be done under the Seed Committee of NFSM under the chairmanship of Agriculture Commissioner, Govt. of India. In order to run into the mark of covering 3 million hour angle. country under intercrossed rice, 4.5lakhs quintal intercrossed seed will be produced. The subsidy is besides given by the govt. to the production units. The aid for administering the Hybrid/ HVY seeds of rice, wheat and pulsations will besides be given and public every bit good as private bureaus will be made the portion of distribution. Seed Minikit Programme of Rice and Wheat-This programme was aimed at presenting and popularising the latest released/ pre-released varieties/ loanblends among the husbandmans. The size of the minikit made will be 10kg each for wheat, 5kg for HVY of rice and 8kg for Hybrid rice but merely the new released/ loanblend will be distributed which should non be older than 5 old ages. It was decided that one minikit for every 50ha country of rice and wheat will be distributed. These minikits will be distributed by NSC/ SFCI/ SAUs. Strengthening the Infrastructure for Pulses Breeder Seed Production of ICAR-In order to beef up the substructure the Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur was made the nodal bureau. It was provided with the fiscal aid in order to beef up the breeder seed production substructure including contractual work force on project footing. State Seed Corporation/ NSC/SFCI/NAFED/IFFCO and other seed bring forthing bureaus will be explicating Annual Seed Production program for production of foundation and certified pulse seeds. Alimentary Management and usage of Soil Ameliorants-Management of foods and dirt ameliorants will be implemented by the State Development of Agriculture. The All India Soil and Land Use Survey will be the nodal bureau for designation of the precedence countries for execution. Mechanization- Mechanization in the rice, wheat and pulsation will be assisting the husbandmans in the timely completion of the field operation and increase their efficiency, this in bend will conserve the cost of cultivation. Tractor drawn seed drill for wheat and pulsations will assist the beneficiary to cover the big countries in a short period. Distribution of Sprinkler Sets for Wheat and Pulses-It was planned to increase the irrigated country under pulsations from 16 % to 21 % and heighten the irrigation efficiency in NFSM-Wheat territories through the distribution of Sprinkler Sets. Analysis of Effect of NFSM on the production of Rice, Wheat and pulsations in the twelvemonth 2007 – 2008 and 2008 – 2009. Main aims of NFSM are: 20 million dozenss of extra nutrient grains to be produced ; 10 of rice, 8 of wheat and 2 of Pulsations: We have non yet reached to that degree but we are seeking to catch up really shortly. An spending of Rs. 4883 crores provided over a period of five old ages, 2007-08 to 2011-12 312 territories to be covered in 17 States that are holding really high output spreads 20 MHa of Rice, 13 MHa of Wheat and 17 MHa of Pulses, covering approximately 40 % of cropped country for focussed attending Signs of Change: Improved production and productiveness during 07-08 & A ; 08-09 State specific specializations- Many province developed their ain specialisations for e.g. Tamil Nadu- SRI ; Orissa and A.P- Documentation of presentations Improvement of productiveness by more than 50 % in some territories of Bihar, M.P where the original productiveness is much lesser than the province productiveness. Encouragement to new farm practices-Nearly 2.35 lakh presentations of improved assortments of rice and wheat, SRI of rice and intercrossed rice About 47.83 lakh quintals of high giving variety/ intercrossed seed of rice, wheat, pulsations were distributed. About 12.0 lakh hectares of country treated with dirt micro foods ( gypsum/lime/micronutrients ) to reconstruct dirt birthrate About 9.7 lakh hour angle of farm land treated under Integrated Pest Management About 4.3 lakh farm implements distributed Capacity edifice of the husbandmans through about 14535 Farmers Field Schools arranged at farm degree About 55,000 husbandmans are benefited through resource preservation engineerings Tabular analysis of benefits for husbandmans. S.No End product Area covered Farmers benefited 1 2.35 lakh presentations About 1 lakh hac 2.35 lakh husbandman 2 7.5 lakh qtls of Rice HYV distributed 8 lakh hac of rice country of NFSM territories covered About 12 lakh husbandmans 3 About 13000 qtls of intercrossed rice distributed 86000 hac is covered About 57000 husbandmans 4 34.5 lakh qtls of wheat HYV distributed 34.5 hundred thousand hac 23 hundred thousand husbandmans 5 5.7 lakh hac of pulsations seed distributed 14.25 lakh hac covered 9.5 hundred thousand husbandmans 6 About 12 lakh hac treated with gypsum/lime/micronutrients 12.0 hundred thousand hac 9.0 hundred thousand husbandmans 7 9.7 lakh hour angle of farm land treated under Integrated Pest Management 9.7 hundred thousand hac 6.5 hundred thousand husbandmans 8 4.3 lakh farm implements distributed 4.3 hundred thousand husbandmans 9 Capacity edifice of the husbandmans through about 14535 Farmers Field Schools 4.5 hundred thousand husbandmans 10 Entire About 1 million About 72 lakh husbandmans Analysis of Different Food Grains during 2007-08 and 2008 – 09 Wheat production in 2007-08: Significant function of NFSM in bring forthing 78.57million dozenss of wheat ; about 2.8 million dozenss more than 06-07 Production in NFSM territories is 35.8 million dozenss in 2007-08 Compared to 35.16 million dozenss in 2006-07 Wheat productiveness addition over 2006-07 in NFSM territories: Maharashtra 14.6 % ; Gujarat 6.6 % ; Bihar 14.1 % punjab 6.6 % ; UP 2.9 % ; WB 1 % Wheat production in 08-09: Significant function of NFSM in bring forthing 77.63 million metric tons of wheat ; about 1.82 metric tons more than 2006-07 Wheat productiveness addition over 2007-08 in NFSM territories: Up 1.92 % ; WB 5.22 % ; Bihar 1.6 % ; Haryana 2.7 % ; M.P.7.2 % ; Rajasthan 14.6 % Wheat productiveness addition over 2006-07 in NFSM territories: Punjab 5.6 % ; UP 5 % ; WB 6.2 % ; Bihar 16.4 % ; Rajasthan 1.2 % Overall View of the production alteration Against the mark of 8 million metric tons of extra wheat production, 1.8 million metric tons of wheat production is achieved as per 3rd estimation 2008-09. Analysis of Rice production in 2007-2008: Significant function of NFSM in bring forthing 96.69 million metric tons of rice ; about 3.34million dozenss more than 06-07 ( 93.39 million metric tons ) Rice productiveness addition over 2006-07 in NFSM territories: AP 19.6 % ; Gujarat 35 % ; Production in 2008-09: Significant function of NSFM in bring forthing 99.37 million metric tons of rice during 2008-09 ( 3rd progress estimations ) ; about 2.7 million metric tons more than 2007-08 Rice productiveness addition over 2006-07 in NFSM territories: AP 15.3 % ; Bihar 27.7 % ; MP 44 % ; WB 3.7 % Rice productiveness addition over 2007-08 in NFSM territories: Bihar 70 % ; MP 64 % ; TN 9.2 % ; UP 6.5 % Overall View of the Production Against the mark of 10 million metric tons of extra rice production, 6 million metric tons of rice production is achieved ( basal twelvemonth 2006-07 ) As per 3rd estimation of 2008-09 Analysis of Pulses Production in 2007-08: Significant function of NFSM in bring forthing 14.76 million metric tons of pulsations ; about 0.6million metric tons more than 06-07 ( 14.2 million metric tons ) Assets productiveness addition over 2006-07 in NFSM territories: Gujarat 39 % Bihar 13 % ; A.P 9 % Analysis of pulse production in 2008-09: Assets productiveness addition over 2007-08 in NFSM territories: TN 19. % ; Rajasthan & gt ; 100 % ; Punjab 18 % ; Haryana 66 % ; AP 20 % assets productiveness addition over 2006-07 in NFSM territories: Rajasthan 65 % ; Punjab 3 % ; Haryana 0.25 % ; AP 30 % , So if we critically analyze the above findings we can state that it has done a good occupation when we consider a short period. However there are many other factors which will and are non leting NFSM to be effectual. Some of the grounds are evidently bureaucracy and other political factors, other factors include societal factors as deficiency of enterprise from people themselves. Analyzing the Working of the scheme State-Wise: To acquire more elaborate and clear image of the working and betterment made boulder clay now, we will analyze the strategy province wise. The studies of the provinces are as follows: Andhra Pradesh: There was addition in the country under Kharif rice over the normal rice. Despite of heavy rains, and loss of grains, province managed to feed its people. Chhattisgarh: Mission manager stated that no extra financess would be required as they are using the financess decently and due to lift in production husbandmans are taking enterprises themselves. Gujerat: An sum of Rs. 12.07 crores was spent as on 15.12.2010 against approved program sum of Rs.25.98 crores and 100 % outgo was anticipated by the terminal of season. Mysores: An country of 11.03 lakh Hectors was covered under Kharif rice against mark of 10.55 lakhs Hectors and country of 16.72 lakh hectares against mark of 15.10 hundred thousand under Kharif pulsations was covered. Similarly 90.94 lakh tones of Kharif nutrient grains were done as against 87.27 hundred thousand. Kerala: 2064 minikits were supplied to the husbandmans. Changeless proficient aid was provided to the husbandmans. But merely one territory is included in the mission, the PMT support was non provided to the province. Maharashtra: 17019 minikits of rice and 7124 minikits of wheat were supplied against the allotment of 18008 and 7108 minikits of rice and wheat severally. 91160 minikits of pulse harvest were supplied against the allotment of 92160 minikits. Madhya Pradesh: Outgo of Rs.4.52 crores and 16 crores was incurred under Rice and Pulses during Khaiff. There was 15 % addition in the overall production of nutrient grains. Orrisa: Presently 15 territories are included but they are be aftering to increase it to 30 within 2-4 old ages. Rajasthan: State reported 55 % outgo under wheat and 43 % under pulsations constituent of NFSM. Tamil nadu: This province has spent 100 % of the allocated financess, which was Rs.29.94 crores under rice and pulsations. State saw a important betterment in the quality of dirt due to outdo agriculture patterns being used under the mission. West Bengal: This province was non able to pass every bit much as it was given to it but so besides in has seen a quite growing in the production of nutrient grains. From the above analysis done for the different provinces where the programme was carried out in full swing, we can state that the National Food Security Mission is working really successfully in many provinces as it has helped in increasing the productiveness per Hector of the irrigated land. But we besides saw that in some provinces the mission`s aim is non fulfilled, as the provinces are non able to utilize the financess allocated to them or they are non able to pull off good the husbandmans land or they are non able to administer the seeds to the husbandmans in the needed ratio. But looking into its overall public presentation we can state that if it keeps bettering its working so it can easy accomplish its aim in the span of 5 old ages. Comparison of NFSM between Andhra Pradesh and Orissa The National Food Security Mission ( NFSM ) is in operation in 17 provinces of the state including Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. Andhra Pradesh National Food Security Mission-Rice ( NFSM-Rice ) is being implemented in 11 territories of the province and National Food Security Mission -Pulses ( NFSM-Pulses ) is being implemented in 14 territories of the province. Present Status of nidation of NFSM in State On the footing of the proposal received from the State Government of Andhra Pradesh for execution of NFSM-Rice and NFSM-Pulses during Rabi, 2007-08, a entire sum of Rs. 4481.83 hundred thousand ( dwelling of an sum of Rs. 1594.83 lakhs under NFSM-Rice, Rs. 2811.00 hundred thousand for NFSM-Pulses and Rs. 76.00 hundred thousand for Publicity ) have been allocated. The entire sum of Rs. 4461.83 hundred thousand has been released. For other old ages the information has been mentioned in the below given tabular array, which compares the allotment of NFSM amongst different provinces. Degree centigrades: UsersDhirajDesktopNFSMstates.jpg In twelvemonth 2009-10, Andhra Pradesh has been allocated Rs. 12791 Lakhs under NFSM and for the twelvemonth 2010-11 it was allocated Rs. 6401 Lakhs. Advancement: The State has reported the outgo of Rs. 1053.64 lakh under NFSM Rice and Rs. 2403.00 lakhs under NFSM-Pulses, so far. The high values of fund allotment show that Andhra Pradesh has made a important advancement over the old ages in Food Security. Constraints: Since the NFSM has been launched from Rabi, 2007-08, no province has indicated restraints so far. Orissa National Food Security Mission-Rice ( NFSM-Rice ) is being implemented in 15 territories of the province and National Food Security Mission -Pulses ( NFSM-Pulses ) is being implemented in 10 territories of the province. Present Status of NFSM in State: On the footing of the proposal received from the State Government of Orissa for execution of NFSM-Rice and NFSM-Pulses during Rabi, 2007-08, an sum of Rs. 645.860 lakhs under NFSM-Rice and Rs. 456.760 hundred thousand for NFSM-Pulses have been allocated. Besides, an sum of Rs. 31.00 hundred thousand has besides been allocated to State for Publicity Campaign. In 2010-11, the fund allotment for execution of NFSM has been significantly high. The entire sum of fund allotment is Rs. 3714 Crores, out of which Rs. 894 Crores is for the Pulses and Rs. 2820 Crores is for the Rice. The information has been shared in the above tabular array. For other old ages, as can be seen from the tabular array below, in 2009-10, Orissa had a fund allotment of Rs. 43.1 crores in entire out of which Rs. 2.03 Crores was for Publicity Campaign. Degree centigrades: UsersDhirajDesktopUntitled.jpg Advancement: As per the authorities web site, no advancement has been reported by the province so far. But we can see from Table 1 that over the old ages the fund allotment has improved and good sum of work has been done for nutrient security in the province of Orissa. Constraints: Since the NFSM has been launched from Rabi, 2007-08, no province has indicated restraints so far. Comparison: The province of Orissa has far lesser fund allotment every bit far as NFSM is concerned in comparing to Andhra Pradesh. As per the statistics available on the web site and covered in Table 1, Andhra Pradesh was allocated a entire fund of Rs. 8181 Crores in 2008-09 in comparing to Orissa ‘s Rs. 6252 Crores of allocated fund during the same clip period. In 2009-10, financess deserving Rs. 12791 Crores were allocated for nutrient security in Andhra Pradesh in comparing to Orissa ‘s Rs. 6279 Crores. This besides shows that year-on-year growing in allotment of NFSM financess has seen growing for Andhra Pradesh but it is about the same for Orissa. Critical Analysis In a command to bolster India ‘s nutrient security scenario, the National Food Security Mission ( NFSM ) has been implemented in 476 Districts of 17 States in India since its origin. The chief thought behind NFSM is to accomplish an extra production of 20 million dozenss of nutrient grains — 10 million dozenss of rice, 8 million dozenss of wheat and 2 million dozenss of pulsations — by the terminal of Eleventh five-year program ( 2011-12 ) . There have been many focused and aim orientated technological intercessions under NFSM which has made a important impact since its origin which is reflected by the fact that the production of rice, wheat and pulsations is increased from 93.35 million dozenss, 75.81 million dozenss and 14.20 million dozenss in 2006-07 to 94.01 million dozenss, 81.47 million dozenss and 16.51 million dozenss severally in 2010-11 as per 2nd progress estimation. NFSM-Rice: The NFSM-Rice is implemented in 138 territory of 14 States, i.e. , Andhra Pradesh ( 11districts ) , Assam ( 13districts ) , Bihar ( 18 territories ) , Chhattisgarh ( 10 territories ) , Gujarat ( 2 territories ) , Jharkhand ( 7 territories ) , Karnataka ( 7 territories ) , Kerala ( 1 territory ) , Madhya Pradesh ( 9 territories ) , Maharashtra ( 6 territories ) , Orissa ( 15 territories ) , Tamil Nadu ( 5 territories ) , Uttar Pradesh ( 26 territories ) and West Bengal ( 8 territories ) . NFSM-Wheat: The NFSM-Wheat is implemented in 141 territories of 9 States i.e. Bihar ( 25 territories ) , Gujarat ( 4 territories ) , Haryana ( 7 territories ) , Madhya Pradesh ( 30 territories ) , Maharasthra ( 8 territories ) , Punjab ( 10 territories ) , Rajasthan ( 15 territories ) , Uttar Pradesh ( 38 territories ) and West Bengal ( 4 territories ) . NFSM-Pulses: Under NFSM-Pulses, 467 territories of 16 State are included. All the territories in 4 provinces of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and 10 territories of Assam and 15 territories of Jharkhand are included under NFSM-Pulses. One of the defects with the NFSM is its position to supply modern engineering through the above mentioned intercessions to little and fringy husbandmans. This proposal is non practical in the sense that the usage of modern engineering by little husbandmans will non be economically feasible. This proposal of NFSM is hence, contradictory itself, since modern engineering can be implemented in large- sized farms merely.

Maurice Sendak the Author

Maurice Bernard Sendak, an award winning writer and illustrator was born on June 10, 1928 in Brooklyn, New York to Philip Sendak and Sadie Schindler, Polish immigrants from small Jewish villages outside Warsaw who came to the United States before World War I. Sendak, the youngest child, along with his sister Natalie, and brother Jack grew up in a poor section of Brooklyn.Sendak was sickly in his early years. He suffered from measles, double pneumonia, and scarlet fever between the ages of two and four and was barely allowed outside to play. He spent a great deal of his childhood at home. To pass the time, he drew pictures and read comic books. His father was a wonderful storyteller, and Maurice grew up enjoying his father's imaginative tales and gaining a lifelong appreciation for books.His sister gave him his first book, Mark Twain's The Prince and the Pauper. As a young adult, he liked great adventure stories such as Typee and Moby Dick by Herman Melville. Other favorites were Bret Harte's short story, The Luck of Roaring Camp and Robert Louis Stevenson's A Child's Garden of Verses.Young Sendak didn't like school much. He was obese, sometimes stammered and wasn't good at sports but excelled in his art classes. At home, he and his brother Jack made up their own storybooks by combining newspaper photographs or comic strip segments with drawings they made of family members. Maurice and his brother both inherited their father’s storytelling gift.At age twelve, Sendak with his family saw Walt Disney’s Fantasia, which had influenced him to become a cartoonist. They also went to the local movie houses and occasionally his older sister would take him to Manhattan to see movies at the Roxy or Radio City Music Hall. The 1930s films, including Busby Berkeley musicals and Laurel and Hardy comedies, had a profound influence on some of his illustrations.The World War II influenced Sendak's view of the world as a dark and frightening place. His relatives died in the Holocaust; Natalie's fiancà © was killed and Jack was stationed in the Pacific. Sendak spent the war years in high school, working on the school yearbook, literary magazine, and newspaper. While still in high school, he began his work as illustrator for All-American Comics, drawing background details for the Mutt and Jeff comic strip. At nineteen, he illustrated for his high school biology teacher's book, Atomics for the Millions published in 1947.In 1948, Sendak and his brother Jack, created models for six wooden mechanical toys in the style of German eighteenth-century lever-operated toys. He did the painting and carving, Jack engineered the toys, and Natalie sewed the costumes. The boys took the models to the F.A.O. Schwartz, a famous toy store in New York, where the prototypes were admired. They got turned down because the toys were considered too expensive to produce but the window-display director was impressed with Sendak's talent and hired him as a window dresser.He continued working there for four years while taking night classes at the New York Art Student’s League. He took classes in oil painting, life drawing, and composition. He also spent time in the children's book department studying the great nineteenth-century illustrators such as George Cruikshank, Walter Crane, and Randolph Caldecott as well as the new postwar European illustrators, Hans Fischer, Felix Hoffmann, and Alois Carigiet.While at Schwartz, Sendak met Ursula Nordstrom, the children's book editor at Harper and Brothers.   He was offered to illustrate his first book, Marcel Ayme's The Wonderful Farm (1951) that he did when he was twenty-three.   Nordstrom arranged Sendak’s first great success as the illustrator for. Ruth Krauss’s award winning A Hole Is to Dig (1952). Sendak quit his full time job at Schwartz,move into an apartment in Greenwich Village, and become a freelance illustrator.By the early 1960s, Sendak had become one of the most expressive and interesting illustrators inthe business. The publication of his book, Where the Wild Things are in 1963 brought him internationalacclaim and a place among the world's great illustrators, though the book's portrayals of fanged monstersconcerned critics saying that the book was too scary for sensitive children.Just as Sendak was gaining success, tragedy struck. In 1967, he learned that his mother had developed cancer, he suffered a major coronary attack, and his beloved dog Jenny died. In spite of his troubles, he completed In the Night Kitchen in 1970, which generated more controversy for presenting pictures of a young boy innocently prancing naked through the story. This book regularly appears on the American Library Association's list of frequently challenged and banned books.Twenty years later, with We're all in the Dumps with Jack and Guy (1993), Sendak delivered another jolt. This time the troubling storyline revolved around a kidnapped black baby and two white homeless men . Some critics argued that the illustrations were nightmarish and too strong. Some people felt that his stories were too dark and disturbing for children. But the majority view was that Sendak, through his work, had pioneered a completely new way of writing and illustrating for, and about, children.Over the years he has produced a number of beloved classics, both as a writer and as an illustrator. His works also cover a broad range, not only in subject matter, but also in style and tone, from nursery rhyme stories, like Hector The Protector and As I Went Over The Water, to concept books, like Alligators All Around Us and the marvelous Chicken Soup With Rice. As an illustrator, his projects have included Else Holmelund Minarik's Little Bear, the Newbery winners Wheel on the School and The House of Sixty Fathers with Meindert DeJong, and illustrations of works by Herman Melville (Pierre) and George MacDonald (Light Princess and Golden Key).In 1980, Sendak began to develop productions of opera and ballet for stage and television. He produced an animated TV production based on his work entitled Really Rosie, featuring Carole King, which was broadcast in 1975. He also designs sets and costumes, and even writes librettos. He was invited to design the sets and costumes for the Houston Grand Opera's production of Mozart's The Magic Flute. This began a long collaboration, which included several works such as Sergei Prokofiev’s The Love for Three Oranges and Leos Janacek’s The Cunning Little Vixen, Los Angeles County Music Center's 1990 production of Mozart’s Idomeneo, the award-winning Pacific Northwest Ballet production of Tchaikovsky’s The Nutcracker and Humperdinck’s Hansel And Gretel.In the 1990's, Sendak approached playwright Tony Kushner to write a new English version of the Czech composer Hans Krà ¡sa’s children's opera â€Å"Brundibar†. Kushner wrote the text for Sendak's illustrated book of the same name, publi shed in 2003. The book was named one of the New York Times Book Review's 10 Best Illustrated Books of that year. In 2003, Chicago Opera Theatre produced Sendak and Kushner's adaptation of Brundibar. In 2005 Berkeley Reparatory Theatre, in collaboration with Yale Reparatory Theater and Broadway's New Victory Theater, produced a substantially reworked version of the Sendak-Kushner adaptation.Sendak, who’s been called â€Å"the Picasso of children's books†, has illustrated or written and illustrated over 90 books since 1951 and have garnered so many awards. He received the 1964 Caldecott Medal for Where the Wild Things Are and the Hans Christian Andersen International Medal in 1970 for his body of children's book illustration. He was the recipient of the American Book Award in 1982 for Outside Over There. He also received in 1983 the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award for his contributions to children's literature. In 1996, President Bill Clinton honored Sendak with the National Medal of Arts. In 2003, Maurice Sendak and Austrian author Christine Noestlinger shared the first Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award for Literature given by the Swedish government.Sendak, now seventy-eight, has been a major force in the evolution of children's literature. He is considered by many critics and scholars to be the first artist to deal openly with the emotions of children in his drawings both in books and on the stage, in his opera and ballet sets and costumes. This abilityto accurately depict raw emotion is what makes him so appealing to children.ReferencesKennedy, E. The Artistry and Influence of Maurice Sendak. Your Guide to Children’s Books. RetrievedOctober 1, 2006 from http://childrensbooks.about.com/cs/authorsillustrato/a/sendakartistry.htmMaurice Sendak. Encyclopedia Britannica (2006). Retrieved September  29, 2006, from Britannica ConciseEncyclopedia: http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9378228/Maurice-SendakMaurice Sendak.Maurice Sendak. Encyclopedia of World Biography (2005). Retrieved September 25, 2006, fromhttp://www.bookrags.com/biography/maurice-sendak/Mitchell, G. Biography of Maurice Sendak. Meet the Writers. Retrieved September 25, 2006, from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.barnesandnoble.com/writers/writerdetails.asp?z=y&cid=90225